JOURNAL 


OF  THE 


Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 


OF 


PHILADELPHIA 


f 


SECOND  SERIES,  VOLUME  XIV. 

PART  1. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

THE  ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES. 
1909. 


PUBLICATION  COMMITTEE. 

. 

Henry  Skinner,  M.  D. 

Henry  A.  Pilsbry,  Sc.  D. 

Edward  J.  Nolan,  M.  D. 

The  President,  Samuel  G.  Dixon,  M.  D.,  ex-officio. 

Editor,  Edward  J.  Nolan,  M.  D. 


P.  C.  STOCKHAUSEN 
PRINTER 

63-55  NORTH  8EVENTH  STREET 
PHILADELPHIA 


Witmer  Stone. 
William  J.  Fox. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2016 


https://archive.org/details/antiquitiesofouaOOmoor 


WRITINGS  ON  ARCHAEOLOGY. 


By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 

Certain  Shell  Heaps  of  the  St.  Johns  River,  Florida,  hitherto  unexplored.  The 
American  Naturalist,  Nov.,  1892,  to  Jany.,  1894,  inclusive.  Five  papers 
with  illustrations  in  text,  and  maps. 

Certain  Sand  Mounds  of  the  St.  Johns  River,  Florida,  Parts  I and  II.  Journal  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Philadelphia,  1894.  Vol. 
X.  Quarto,  130  and  123  pages.  Frontispieces,  maps,  plates,  illustrations 
in  the  text. 

Certain  Sand  Mounds  of  Duval  County,  Florida;  Two  Mounds  on  Murphy  Island, 
Florida;  Certain  Sand  Mounds  of  the  Ocklawaha  River,  Florida.  Journ. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Pliila.,  1895.  Vol.  X.  Quarto,  108  pages.  Frontispiece, 
maps,  plates,  illustrations  in  text. 

Additional  Mounds  of  Duval  and  of  Clay  Counties,  Florida ; Mound  Investigation 
on  the  East  Coast  of  Florida ; Certain  Florida  Coast  Mounds  north  of  the 
St.  Johns  River.  Privately  printed,  Philadelphia,  1896.  Quarto,  30  pages. 
Map,  plates,  illustrations  in  text. 

Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Georgia  Coast.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila., 
1897.  Yol.  XI.  Quarto,  144  pages.  Frontispiece,  map,  plates,  illustra- 
tions in  text. 

Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Coast  of  South  Carolina  ; Certain  Aboriginal 
Mounds  of  the  Savannah  River;  Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Altamaha 
River;  Recent  Acquisitions ; A Cache  of  Pendent  Ornaments.  Journ.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  1898.  Vol.  XI.  Quarto,  48  pages.  Frontispiece,  maps, 
illustrations  in  text. 

Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Alabama  River.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of 
Phila.,  1899.  Vol.  XI.  Quarto,  62  pages.  Map,  illustrations  in  text. 
Certain  Antiquities  of  the  Florida  West-Coast.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila., 
1900.  Vol.  XI.  Quarto,  46  pages.  Maps,  illustrations  in  text. 

Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida  Coast,  Part  I ; Certain 
Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Tombigbee  River.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of 
Phila.,  1901.  Vol.  XI.  Quarto,  100  pages.  Maps,  illustrations  in  text. 
Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida  Coast,  Part  II.  Journ.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  1 902.  Vol.  XII.  Quarto,  235  pages.  Maps,  illustrations 
in  text. 

Certain  Aboriginal  Mounds  of  the  Central  Florida  West-Coast;  Certain  Aboriginal 
Mounds  of  the  Apalachicola  River.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  1903. 
Vol.  XII.  Quarto,  136  pages.  Maps,  illustrations  in  text. 

Sheet-copper  from  the  Mounds  is  not  Necessarily  of  European  Origin.  American 
Anthropologist.  Jan. -March,  1903.  Plates  in  text. 

The  So-called  “ Hoe-shaped  Implement.”  American  Anthropologist,  July-Sept., 

1903.  Illustrations  in  text. 

Aboriginal  Urn-burial  in  the  United  States.  American  Anthropologist,  Oct. -Dec., 

1904.  Plate. 

A Form  of  Urn-burial  on  Mobile  Bay.  American  Anthropologist,  Jan. -March,  1905. 
Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Black  Warrior  River  [Mound ville]  ; Certain 
Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Lower  Tombigbee  River;  Certain  Aboriginal 
Remains  of  Mobile  Bay  and  Mississippi  Sound ; Miscellaneous  Investiga- 
tion in  Florida.  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  1905.  Vol.  XIII.  Quarto, 
206  pages.  Maps,  illustrations  in  text. 

Moundville  Revisited  ; Crystal  River  Revisited  ; Mounds  of  the  Lower  Chattahoo- 
chee and  Lower  Flint  Rivers;  Notes  on  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  Florida. 
Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  1907.  Vol.  XIII.  Quarto,  144  pages. 
Maps,  illustrations  in  text. 

Certain  Mounds  of  Arkansas  and  of  Mississippi  (including  Doctor  llrdlicka’s  paper 
on  the  Crania).  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.,  1908.  Vol.  XIII. 
Quarto,  about  120  pages.  Maps,  illustrations  in  text,  eight  colored  plates. 


Antiquities  of  the  Ouachita  Valley 


BY 


CLARENCE  B.  MOORE. 


PHILADELPHIA  : 

1909 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


By  Clarence  B.  Moore. 


Introduction. 

Ouachita1  river  has  its  source  in  central  western  Arkansas,  and  flowing  east- 
erly and  southeasterly,  enters  the  State  of  Louisiana,  through  which  it  follows  a 
southerly  course  to  its  union  with  the  Tensas  and  Little  rivers,  where  the  three 
combine  to  form  Black  river. 

Black  river  is  a tributary  of  Red  river  which,  as  the  reader  is  aware,  joins  the 
Mississippi  on  its  western  side. 

The  principal  affluents  of  Ouachita  river,  in  order  from  north  to  south,  are  : 
Little  Missouri  river,  Saline  river,  Bayou  Bartholomew,  Bayou  d’Arbonne,  and 
Boeuf  river. 

We  have  considered  Little  river  to  belong  to  the  Ouachita  valley,  while  Tensas 
river,  paralleling  the  Mississippi,  may  he  regarded  as  having  a drainage  basin  of  its 
own. 

This  report  has  to  do  with  the  antiquities  of  that  part  of  the  Ouachita  valley 
which  was  investigated  by  us  in  November,  1908,  and  in  January,  February,  March, 
and  April,  1909. 

We  shall  now  indicate  the  extent  of  our  season’s  work,  explaining  that  it  is 
our  custom  to  have  Mr.  J.  S.  Raybon,  for  many  years  captain  of  the  steamer  from 
which  our  work  is  done,  examine  in  advance  such  territory  as  it  is  our  intention  to 
explore,  that  the  exact  position  of  mounds  and  cemeteries  may  be  determined  and 
permission  to  investigate  may  be  obtained  from  the  owners,  previous  to  our  visit. 
In  pursuance  of  this  custom  part  of  the  summer  and  of  the  fall  of  1908  was  devoted 
to  this  work  by  Captain  Raybon,  travelling  in  a small,  covered  boat,  with  a com- 
panion, and  stopping  at  each  landing  and  at  every  other  point  on  the  rivers,  which 
gave  promise  of  revealing  aboriginal  remains.  In  this  way  were  traversed  the 
navigable  length  of  the  Ouachita  river,  which  lies  between  Camden,  Arkansas,  and 
its  union  with  Black  river,  a distance  by  water  of  a little  more  than  300  miles;  the 
navigable  part  of  Little  river,  from  Georgetown  down,  about  eighty-live  miles  by 
water. 

1 Locally  pronounced  Washtaiv. 


8 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


That  part  of  the  Ouachita  valley  afterward  explored  by  us  was  : Ouachita 
river  up  to  a point  about  twenty  miles  above  Camden,  or  320  miles  by  water,  ap- 
proximately ; Bayou  Bartholomew  to  Portland,  Arkansas,  about  134  miles  by  water, 
its  full  navigable  length  ; Boeuf  river  to  Alto,  about  100  miles  by  water;  Little 
river  to  a point  somewhat  below  Georgetown. 

Black  river,  also,  which  is  about  fifty  miles  in  extent,  by  water,  was  carefully 
gone  over  by  us,  but  nothing  of  interest  was  encountered  in  this  overflow  region, 
though  considerable  digging  was  done. 

O O o o 

At  Jonesville  (formerly  known  as  Troy ville),  which  is  at  the  union  of  Ouachita 
and  Little  rivers,  are,  within  the  limits  of  the  town,  a number  of  mounds  in  vari- 
ous stages  of  erosion,  which  are  described  in  Reports1  of  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology. 

In  the  lower  Mississippi  valley,  of  which  the  Ouachita  valley  is  a part,  but 
little  archaeological  work  has  been  done  hitherto,2  and  but  few  objects  from  this 
region  are  in  our  museums. 

In  the  territory  investigated  by  us  aboriginal  burials  had  been  made  excep- 
tionally in  small  mounds,  occasionally  in  superficial  parts  of  domiciliary  mounds, 
and  ordinarily  in  dwelling-sites.  These  dwelling-sites,  as  a rule,  are  but  slightly 
above  the  general  level  of  the  surrounding  ground,  and  only  about  one  in  ten  of 
these  sites  contains  burials  or  gives  evidence  of  having  done  so.  Nevertheless,  it  is 
on  dwelling-sites  that  the  student  of  the  archaeology  of  the  Ouachita  valley  places 
his  main  reliance. 

Throughout  the  overflow  land  doubtless  many  dwelling-sites  have  washed 
away  in  some  cases  and  have  been  covered  by  alluvial  deposit  in  others.  In  higher 
ground  many  sites  have  disappeared,  or  have  partly  disappeared,  through  long- 
continued  cultivation. 

On  all  sides  we  heard  from  the  owners  that  their  plantations  had  been  under 
cultivation  for  long  periods,  some  so  much  as  seventy  years ; and  doubtless  others 
of  these  properties  had  been  tilled  for  even  a longer  period. 

The  soil  of  the  Ouachita  valley,  containing  a proportion  of  sand,  is  readily 
affected  by  wash  of  rain,  and  this  wash  is  particularly  destructive  in  the  case  of 
ground  that  has  been  loosened  by  plow  and  harrow.  Each  year  the  loss  is  appreci- 
able, especially  when,  as  is  often  the  case,  the  fields  lie  on  a decided  slope. 

Hence,  in  the  course  of  time,  the  soil  accumulated  through  aboriginal  occu- 
pancy, with  any  accompanying  burials,  wholly  or  in  part  disappears.  Many  owners 
distinctly  recall  the  finding  by  themselves  of  human  bones  and  of  artifacts  years 
ago  in  fields  which  yielded  nothing  of  special  interest  to  our  investigation.  Often 
on  th  ese  fields  we  saw  still  remaining  fragments  of  human  bones  and  of  pottery, 
though  the  layer  of  midden  soil  beneath  was  not  sufficiently  deep  to  contain 
burials. 

1 Twelfth  Ann.  Rep.,  p.  250,  et  seq.  Twentieth  Ann.  Rep.,  p.  103. 

2 See  W.  H.  Holmes,  “ Aboriginal  Pottery  of  Eastern  United  States,”  Twentieth  Ann.  Rep.  Bar. 
Am.  Ethn.,  pp.  101  and  103. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


9 


Incidentally  it  may  be  said  that  our  work  during  the  season  referred  to  was 
confined  almost  entirely  to  land  that  was,  or  had  been,  under  cultivation.  Along 
Bayou  Bartholomew  practically  all  land  is  cultivated,  and  along  other  waters  visited 
by  us  the  same  is  true  of  the  arable  sites. 

When  the  aborigines  selected  dwelling-sites  along  rivers  subject  to  overflow 
they  naturally  chose  high  ground  ; and  later,  when  Europeans  selected  land  to 
clear  for  cultivation,  they  were  similarly  influenced,  especially  as  much  of  this 
ground  already  had  been  enriched  by  aboriginal  deposits. 

Now  we  shall  consider  those  dwelling-sites  which  still  remain  notwithstand- 

O 

ing  all  the  factors  that  have  contributed  to  their  destruction. 

A successful  quest  for  dwelling-sites  along  the  Ouachita  valley  is  largely  a 
matter  of  chance.  Obviously  one  cannot  search  for  them  over  the  whole  extent  of 
each  plantation  one  comes  to,  especially  along  Bayou  Bartholomew,  where  planta- 
tions extend  continuously  on  both  sides  throughout  the  length  of  the  bayou.  There- 
fore, one  must  depend  largely  on  information  derived  from  inhabitants,  and  from 
inhabitants  of  all  classes. 

Dwelling  sites  are  often  encountered  near  mounds,  and  most  persons  living  in 
the  vicinity  of  a mound  are  able  to  give  information  concerning  its  situation. 
Having  determined  the  locality  of  the  mound  the  investigator  can  search  in  its 
vicinity. 

M any  dwelling-sites,  however,  are  apart  from  any  tumulus,  and  a large  propor- 
tion of  inhabitants  are  not  acquainted  with  the  various  features  that  indicate  the 
presence  of  these  sites,  or  perhaps,  though  familiar  with  these  features,  they  fail  to 
connect  them  with  particular  sites  in  the  neighborhood.  Hence  one’s  discoveries 
depend  greatly  on  the  character  of  the  persons  one  happens  to  meet,  and  it  is  obvi- 
ous that  even  the  most  conscientious  investigator  in  this  region  must  fail  to  find 
some  of  the  cemeteries  which  are  situated  along  his  line  of  work. 

All  these  facts1  in  relation  to  the  Ouachita  valley  will  explain  the  difficulty 
of  obtaining  there  a great  quantity  of  desirable  material.  The  investigator  of  the 
present  time  visits  that  locality  many  years  too  late.  Nevertheless  we  unearthed 
some  pottery  which  is  to  an  extent  distinctive  and  representative  of  the  region,  and 
fills  a gap  that  has  existed  hitherto. 

Perhaps  a few  words  as  to  our  means  and  method  of  work  in  the  field  may  not 
be  out  of  place. 

Our  steamer,  with  captain,  pilot,  engineer,  ami  a crew  of  five  men,  had  aboard, 
in  addition,  eight  men  who,  with  three  of  our  crew,  made  a force  of  eleven  to  dig. 

There  were  also  of  the  party  Dr.  M.  G.  Miller,  anatomist  of  the  expedition, 
who  has  aided  in  all  our  field-work  since  its  inception,  and  in  putting  through  press 

1 Incidentally  we  may  say  that  in  a few  cases  permission  to  investigate  was  withheld  or  prohibi- 
tive conditions  were  imposed,  but  fortunately  in  no  case,  so  far  as  we  could  learn,  did  we  suffer  these 
restrictions  in  connection  with  sites  of  importance. 

2 JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


10 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


all  reports  of  our  work  ; and  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Clime,  who  rendered  efficient  aid  as 
general  assistant. 

Mr.  W.  D.  Platt,  of  Ouachita,  La.,  who  served  as  pilot  throughout  the  season, 
did  not  confine  himself  to  his  duties  at  the  wheel,  which  his  thorough  knowledge  of 
all  the  streams  of  the  region  enabled  him  to  perform  most  satisfactorily,  but  aided 
us  in  every  other  way  that  lay  in  his  power. 

We  have  already  referred  to  the  work  done  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Raybon,  our  captain, 
previous  to  the  starting  of  our  expedition.  Later,  when  Captain  Raybon  is  in  com- 
mand of  the  steamer,  that  part  of  his  time  which  is  not  devoted  to  navigation  is 
given  largely  to  the  furtherance  of  our  archaeological  work. 

The  warm  thanks  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  are  tendered  Prof. 
William  H.  Holmes  for  introductory  remarks  on  the  pottery  described  in  this  report; 
Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka  for  his  paper  descriptive  of  the  human  remains  found  and  pre- 
served by  the  expedition  ; Prof.  F.  A.  Lucas  for  identification  of  bones  of  lower 
animals;  Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry  and  Mr.  E.  G.  Yanatta  for  identification  of  shells;  Mr. 
F.  W.  Hodge  for  literary  revision  of  this  report. 

The  Academy  wishes  also  to  express  its  gratitude  to  all  owners  of  plantations 
and  farms  along  Ouachita,  Boeuf,  and  Little  rivers  and  Bayou  Bartholomew,  who 
so  generously  placed  their  property  at  its  disposal,  and  who  aided  our  undertaking 
in  various  other  ways. 

The  form  of  burial  in  the  Ouachita  region  offers  nothing  distinctive  in  the  main. 

The  bunched  burial  and  the  burial  at  length  were  numerous.  The  flexed 
burial  was  infrequently  found,  and  a variety  of  urn-burial  in  two  or  three  instances 
only. 

The  flexed  burials  and  the  burials  at  length,  according  to  aboriginal  custom  in 
the  South,  presumably  had  been  made  after  the  skeleton  was  denuded  of  flesh,  like 
the  bunched  burials,  but  (unlike  the  bunched  burials)  when  the  bones  were  still 
held  together  by  ligaments.  Often  bones  in  these  burials  of  connected  skeletons 
were  found  out  of  place — long-bones  reversed  as  to  position,  and  the  like — showing 
that  the  skeleton  was  not  in  the  flesh  when  the  interment  was  made. 

In  some  burial  sites,  as  will  be  described  later,  almost  no  bones  remained. 

Thirty-nine  cases  and  boxes  of  skulls  and  other  parts  of  human  skeletons, 
resulting  from  our  season's  work,  were  sent  by  us  as  a gift  to  the  United  States 
National  Museum  at  Washington.  A paper  descriptive  of  this  material,  kindly 
prepared  by  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka,  follows  this  report. 

A number  of  bones  showing  fractures  and  pathological  conditions,  found  by  us 
during  the  season’s  work,  were  presented  to  the  Army  Medical  Museum  at  Wash- 
ington. The  following  determinations  made  by  Dr.  D.  S.  Lamb,  Pathologist  of  the 
institution,  kindly  have  been  sent  us  by  Major  T.  T.  Russell,  Medical  Corps,  U.  S. 
Army,  Curator  of  the  Museum. 


NOTES  ON  HUMAN  BONES  EXHIBITING  CERTAIN  PATHOLOGICAL 

CONDITIONS. 


Ouachita  River. 

Myatt’s  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish,1  La.  The  left  tibia;  syphilitic  hyperplasia. 

Glendora  Plantation,  Ouachita  Parish,  La.  Burials  Numbers  84  and  118,  two 
calvaria  showing  osteitis  deformans. 

Boytt's  Field,  Union  County,  Ark.  The  right  tibia  showing  osteo-periostitis, 
possibly  syphilitic. 

Bell  Gin  Landing,  Union  County,  Ark.  The  bones  of  the  left  forearm,  show- 
ing simple  fracture  with  good  repair. 

Boeuf  River. 

Jones’  Landing,  Franklin  Parish,  La.  The  femur,  tibia,  fibula,  and  ulna, 
showing  osteitis  deformans. 

Dailey  Landing,  Franklin  Parish,  La.  A calvarium  showing  syphilitic  erosions. 

Bayou  Bartholomew. 

Ward  Place,  Morehouse  Parish,  La.  Burial  No.  12,  the  right  femur  and  tibia 
showing  osteo-arthritis ; and  from  Burial  No.  18,  a woman,  the  bones  of  the  pelvis 
and  thighs,  showing  congenital  dislocation  of  femurs. 

Bray’s  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La.  A right  tibia,  showing  hyperplastic 
osteo-periostitis,  possibly  syphilitic. 

The  pottery  of  the  Ouachita  valley  which,  as  we  have  said,  forms  part  of  the 
lower  Mississippi  province,  is  most  favorably  represented  by  vessels  from  sites  near 
the  union  of  Bayou  Bartholomew  with  the  Ouachita  river,  where  a center  of  culture 
seems  to  have  existed,  and  where  incised  decoration  was  sometimes  executed  by  a 
master  hand. 

In  no  other  region,  however,  in  which  we  have  worked,  have  we  obtained  so 
great  a proportion  of  pottery  of  inferior  ware,  of  commonplace  form,  and  of  rude  and 
carelessly  executed  decoration,  and  having  such  sameness  of  design  as  we  found  in 
the  lower  Mississippi  region,3  although  we  met  with  there,  in  exceptional  instances, 

1 The  State  of  Louisiana  uses  the  term  parish . to  designate  that  division  of  the  commonwealth 
which  in  every  other  State  in  the  Union  is  known  as  a county.— C.  B.  M. 

2 So  far  as  inferior  work  and  rude  decoration  are  concerned.  We  exclude  from  this  statement 
that  class  of  pottery  from  Florida  known  as  ceremonial,  which  was  made  expressly  for  interment  with 
the  dead,  and,  as  might  be  expected,  is  of  the  commonest  kind  of  ware,  and  has  the  crudest  forms  of 
decoration.  This  pottery  is  very  abundant  in  Florida. 


12 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


vessels  which,  in  our  belief,  in  respect  to  incised  decoration,  exceed  in  beauty  any 
discovered  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 

We  note  the  occasional  occurrence  throughout  the  Ouachita  valley  of  what  is 
seldom  found  on  aboriginal  pottery  in  other  regions,  namely,  the  extensive  use  of 
incised  decoration  and  of  color  on  the  same  vessel. 

We  are  aware  that  on  pottery  from  regions  to  the  northward,  as  well  as  from 
the  province  we  are  describing  and  from  elsewhere,  incised  designs  were  sometimes 
reinforced  by  the  insertion  of  color  in  the  lines,  but  the  body  of  the  vessel,  in  such 
instances,  is  not  colored  with  pigment  ; hence  we  do  not  include  this  class  with  the 
one  described  in  advance  of  it. 

It  will  be  noted  also  by  the  student  of  pottery  of  the  Ouachita  valley  that  the 
use  of  pigment  on  large  numbers  of  vessels  did  not  obtain  there,  the  use  of  any  color 
on  vessels  having  been  exceptional;  and  in  this  respect  the  pottery  of  the  lower 
Mississippi  province  seems  to  differ  from  that  of  the  middle  Mississippi  valley,  where 
colored  pottery  is  so  commonly  and  abundantly  found. 

Pottery  with  black  coloring  material  was  not  found  by  us  in  the  Ouachita 
valley;  though  such  coloring  is  present  occasionally  on  vessels  in  the  middle  Missis- 
sippi province,  where,  however,  it  has  little  body,  being  hardly  more  than  a stain. 

The  use  of  white  pigment  (kaolin),  except  to  intensify  the  lines  of  incised 
decoration,  seems  to  have  been  infrequent  in  the  lower  Mississippi  region,  though 
it  was  abundantly  used  to  the  northward.  Put  one  vessel  was  found  by  us  in  all 
this  season’s  work  on  which  white  pigment  was  used  to  confer  a design,  namely,  a 
small  water-bottle  bearing  on  the  body  partly  interlocked  scrolls,  alternately  of  red 
and  of  white  pigment.  This  vessel,  like  the  two  of  the  “ teapot”  variety  found  by 
us,  exactly  resembles  vessels  found  in  abundance  farther  north,  and  all  perhaps 
are  importations. 

Red  pigment,  when  occurring  on  pottery  of  the  Ouachita  valley,  seems  to  be 
more  durable  and  more  brilliant  than  that  used  on  pottery  found  farther  north.  A 
mass  of  red  pigment  from  the  cemetery  at  the  Keno  Place  has  been  examined  by 
Dr.  H.  F.  Keller,  who  says  of  it  : “ It  is  remarkably  brilliant,  and  contains,  besides 
oxide  of  iron,  considerable  quantities  of  clay  and  quartz  fragments.” 

A bottle  in  fragments,  found  by  us  at  Sycamore  Landing,1  was  coated  with 
green  pigment.  This  pigment,  analyzed  by  Doctor  Keller,  proves  to  “be  a mixture 
of  green  silicate  of  iron  (glauconite)  and  white  kaolin.”  Masses  of  glauconite  were 
found  by  us  with  burials  at  the  great  prehistoric  site  at  Moundville,  Ala.3 

In  relation  to  the  collection  of  pottery  made  by  our  expedition  this  season,  it 
may  be  well  to  explain  that  a large  proportion  of  the  earthenware  vessels  obtained 
were  in  fragments — one  in  108  pieces — and  that  all  such  vessels  are  carefully 
cemented  together.  Sometimes  slight  restoration  is  deemed  advisable.  This  retora- 
tion,  however,  is  attempted  only  when  the  parts  of  the  vessel  in  our  possession 
make  it  clearly  apparent  what  the  remaining  part  must  have  been. 

1 The  Keno  Place  and  the  plantation  at  Sycamore  Landing  are  near  together  on  Bayou  Bar- 
tholomew, as  will  be  described,  later. 

2 See  “Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Black  Warrior  River.”  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila.,  Vol.  XIII.,  pp.  201,  211. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


13 


Restoration  of  pottery,  it  may  be  said,  is  more  often  requisite  when  the  ware 
comes  from  a region  like  the  Ouachita  valley,  whfere  the  soil  contains  a large  per- 
centage of  clay,  than  it  is  in  the  case  of  earthenware  found  in  sand  ; inasmuch  as 
in  clay  the  search  for  fragments  with  the  aid  of  a sieve  is  not  nearly  so  successful 
as  it  is  in  sand. 

All  measurements  of  earthenware  vessels  herein  given  are  approximate ; and 
all  reductions  in  size,  not  only  of'  vessels  but  of  other  objects  illustrated  in  this 
report,  are  linear. 

Diagrams  of  designs  are  as  accurate  as  it  is  possible  for  them  to  be  when  these 
designs  are  transferred  from  a curved  to  a flat  surface. 

Prof.  William  H.  Holmes  has  kindly  prepared  for  the  Academy  the  accompany- 
ing notice  of  the  pottery  found  by  our  expedition  in  the  Ouachita  valley. 

“ Although  this  collection  of  earthenware  presents  many  features  of  interest  and 
illustrates  a local  culture  center  not  heretofore  well  represented  in  our  collections, 
it  does  not  stand  apart  from  the  general  and  well-known  culture  products  of  the 
general  region.  It  embraces  features  of  form  and  embellishment  indicating  close 
alliance  with  the  wares  of  the  middle  Mississippi  province  and  of  the  Gulf  Coast,  as 
far  east  as  Florida;  but  affords  no  evidence  of  close  relationship  with  the  pottery 
of  the  Pueblo  region  on  the  West  or  of  Mexico  on  the  South.  It  bespeaks  a special 
development  highly  perfected  along  certain  lines  by  a local  tribe  or  group  of  peoples; 
the  best  examples  rise  well  above  the  general  level  of  the  ceramic  products  of  the 
region,  and,  for  that  matter,  much  above  the  general  run  of  the  ware  of  the  locali- 
ties represented.  A number  of  vases  belonging  to  this  group  are  illustrated  in  the 
Twentieth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Plates  LI  and  LI  I. 

“ In  shape  many  of  the  vessels  are  worthy  of  special  note.  They  range  from 
simple  shallow  bowls  to  high-necked  bottles,  and  much  skill  and  taste  are  shown  in 
the  modeling,  especially  of  the  formal  shapes.  In  the  entire  series  illustrated  by 
Mr  Moore,  there  is  hardly  a single  one  that  will  not  give  pleasure  to  persons  of 
refined  taste,  and  some  may  well  become  models  for  the  professional  potters  of  our 
factories.  Complex  and  compound  forms  are  not  common,  although  the  rim  and 
neck  of  the  vases  are  in  many  cases  modeled  to  give  the  appearance  of  a small  cup 
set  into  the  mouth  of  the  receptacle  proper.  Life  forms  are  of  comparatively  rare 
occurrence,  and  only  one  example  of  the  modeling  of  tiie  human  form  is  seen,  this 
being  a rudely  constructed  figure  attached  to  the  rim  of  a bowl  (fragment).  Cer- 
tain specimens  have  the  rim  so  shaped  as  to  suggest  the  use  of  a lid,  although  no 
lids  have  been  found.  As  a rule  the  base  is  flattened  or  gently  rounded,  and  rare 
specimens  are  mounted  on  tripods.  One  of  the  choice  specimens  is  a small  vase 
(Fig.  81)  surmounted  by  a cup-like  rim  piece  beneath  which  the  body  widens 
gradually,  expanding  at  the  base  into  four  conical  projections. 

“ As  a rule  the  color  is  the  dark  gray  of  the  baked  clay,  a few  specimens  being 
finished  in  red.  The  surface  is  smoothly  finished  and,  in  cases,  well  polished.  The 
paste  is  moderately  hard  and  tenacious,  and  is  tempered  in  cases,  especially  in  the 
ruder  ware,  with  pulverized  shell. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


15 


“ The  decoration  of  this  ware  is  even  more  noteworthy  than  the  forms.  It 
consists,  in  the  main,  of  incised  work,  the  scroll  motive,  which  takes  a multitude  of 
forms,  prevailing  to  a remarkable  extent.  The  treatment  is  refined  and  even 
elegant,  and  the  application  of  the  designs  to  the  diversified  forms  of  the  vessels  is 
masterly.  This  is  well  illustrated  in  Figs.  15,  81,  131.  The  principal  band  of 
decoration  encircles  the  body  of  the  vessel,  often  covering  the  entire  surface.  The 
neck,  and  especially  the  rim,  of  the  bowl-forms  is  in  cases  occupied  by  a very  much 
conventionalized  and  abbreviated  band  of  the  same  scroll  motive.  Although  highly 
conventionalized  and  applied  to  purely  formal  shapes,  it  is  clear  that  this  scroll  in 
all  its  manifestations  still  carried  with  it  in  the  mind  of  the  initiated  the  animal 
concept,  and  a limited  number  of  examples  are  seen  in  which  the  scroll  units  take 
the  place,  on  animal  shaped  vessels,  of  the  members  of  the  body.  The  number  of 
units  employed  is  normally  four,  but  this  is  not  adhered  to  strictly,  the  repetition 
varying  with  the  requirements  of  the  vessel  decorated.  It  is  most  interesting  to 
note  that,  as  seen  in  the  tracings  of  designs  shown  in  the  illustrations,  the  scroll  unit 
is  repeated  from  three  to  six  or  more  times,  and  that,  when  viewed  from  the  under 
side  of  the  vessel,  the  interspaces  take  the  form  of  a swastika  which  has  three  or 
more  arms  according  to  the  number  of  the  scroll  units  used — the  swastika  figure 
being,  however,  a mere  accident,  and  thus  without  significance.  A noteworthy 
feature  of  these  designs  is  the  elaboration  of  some  of  the  scroll  work  interspaces. 
A disk-like  figure  often  fills  the  wider  openings,  while  the  narrower  are  occupied 
bv  incised  reticulations,  which  we  may  assume  are  conventional  suggestions  of  the 
body  markings  of  the  creature  symbolized. 

“ This  treatment  of  formal  elements  of  animal  origin  is  so  universal  that  we  are 
safe  in  assuming  that,  whether  the  actual  decorator  of  these  vessels  had  the  life 
form  in  mind  or  not,  the  origin  of  each  and  every  part  of  the  decoration  is  in  a life 
concept,  and  doubtless  one  with  which  superstitious  notions  were  associated.  Con- 
sidering the  simple  and  graceful  forms  of  the  vessels  embellished  with  the  scroll 
work,  the  elegance  and  completeness  of  the  designs,  and  the  skill  of  execution  and 
remarkable  adjustment  to  the  vessel  forms,  these  potters  of  the  old-time  villages 
among  the  Louisiana  bayous  may  claim  to  have  reached  the  highest  mark  among 
all  the  valley  peoples  in  the  esthetic  treatment  of  earthenware.” 

We  shall  now  take  up  the  detailed  account  of  our  season’s  work,  with  the 
explanation  that  many  aboriginal  dwelling-sites  which  we  carefully  investigated, 
but  in  which  no  burials  or  artifacts  of  interest  were  found,  are  omitted  from  our 
report,  and  that  mounds  and  sites  are  described  in  order,  going  upstream. 

OUACHITA  RIVER. 

The  Ouachita,  a comparatively  narrow  stream,  is  navigable  in  the  Winter  and 
Spring  seasons  from  its  union  with  Black  river  to  Camden,  Arkansas,  a distance, 
as  we  have  said,  of  about  300  miles  by  water. 


16 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Much  of  the  territory  bordering  the  Ouachita  is  low-lying1  and  subject  to 
inundation,  and  probably  in  aboriginal  times,  as  at  present,  was  not  occupied  for 
permanent  habitation.  Consequently  it  is  but  in  places  along  the  banks  of  the 
Ouachita  that  one  can  reasonably  expect  to  find  places  of  aboriginal  abode. 

Our  investigation  of  this  river  ended  about  twenty  miles  above  Camden,  as  we 
have  stated  in  our  introductory  remarks. 

MOUNDS  AND  SITES. 

Mounds  at  Watson  Landing,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Mound  on  the  Perrin  Place,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  on  the  Taylor  Place,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  at  Pritchard  Landing,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  on  the  King  Place,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Mound  at  Booth  Landing,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  near  Big  Lake,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Dwelling-sites  near  Harrelson  Landing,  Caldwell  Parish,  La. 

Mound  near  Poplar  Grove  Landing,  Caldwell  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  near  Hogan  Landing  and  near  Wade  Landing,  Caldwell  Parish,  La. 
Mound  near  Billy  Landing,  Caldwell  Parish,  La. 

Mound  and  site  near  Cut-Off  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  opposite  Logtown  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

Cemetery  at  Myatt’s  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

Mound  near  Pargaud  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

Cemetery  on  the  Glendora  Plantation,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

Mound  near  Lock  Number  Six,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

Mounds  near  Green  Lake,  Bradley  County,  Ark. 

Cemetery  at  Caryville  Landing,  Union  County,  Ark. 

Mounds  near  Pigeon  Hill.  Union  County,  Ark. 

Cemetery  in  Boytt’s  Field,  Union  County,  Ark. 

Mounds  near  Purdue  Wood-Camp,  Calhoun  County,  Ark. 

Cemetery  at  Bell  Gin  Landing,  Union  County,  Ark. 

Mounds  near  Hill  Landing,  Union  County,  Ark. 

Mounds  at  the  Boone  Place,  Calhoun  County,  Ark. 

Mounds  on  the  Keller  Place,  Calhoun  County,  Ark. 

Mound  and  sites  near  Pyle’s  Landing,  Calhoun  County,  Ark. 

Mound  and  Cemetery  at  Kent,  Ouachita  County,  Ark. 

Mounds  at  Watson  Landing,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

At  Watson  Landing,  on  property  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Watson,  of  Jonesville,  La.,  is  a 
group  of  mounds  of  moderate  size,  the  largest  of  which  is  used  at  the  present  time 
for  burial  purposes.  Nothing  was  found  at  this  place. 

1 From  just  above  Ouachita  City  for  about  seventy-five  miles  up  by  water,  is  an  almost  unin- 
habited region. 


17 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

Mound  on  the  Perrin  Place,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

About  six  miles  below  Harrisonburg,  on  the  property  of  Mr.  T.  W.  Perrin  of 
that  place,  on  the  right-hand  side  going  up,  is  a mound  partly  eaten  away  by  the 
river,  which  was  not  investigated  by  us. 

Mounds  on  the  Taylor  Place,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

About  one  mile  below  Harrisonburg,  on  property  of  Mr.  A.  G.  Taylor,  of 
Harrisonburg,  is  a group  of  mounds  of  moderate  size,  showing  the  effect  of  much 
cultivation.  Nothing  of  interest  was  found  at  this  place. 

Mounds  at  Pritchard  Landing. 

At  Pritchard  Landing  is  an  interesting  group  of  mounds  on  the  property  of 
Mr.  S.  R.  Oliphant,  who  resides  on  the  place. 

This  group,  the  site  of  an  important  center  in  aboriginal  times,  is  an  irregular 
ellipse  in  form,  but  is  without  the  great  central  mound  so  often  present  in  large 
groups  of  this  kind. 

Pools  of  water  here  and  there  show  whence  material  for  the  mounds  was  taken. 

There  are  believed  to  be  fourteen  mounds  at  this  place,  most  of  which,  how- 
ever, are  small  and  have  been  greatly  spread  by  long  cultivation. 

Of  the  live  principal  mounds  of  this  group,  all  of  which  are  rectangular  and 
have  summit-plateaus,  one  is  small;  one  seems  to  have  been  greatly  dug  into,  pre- 
sumably to  serve  a purpose  in  the  Civil  War,  as  it  commands  the  river;  and  one, 
twenty-seven  feet  in  height,  is  so  very  irregular  in  outline  through  wash  of  rain 
that  measurements  of  its  present  dimensions  would  give  no  idea  of  its  original  size. 

The  largest  mound,  which  forms  part  of  the  ellipse,  much  eroded  by  wash  of 
rain,  has  corners  directed  toward  the  four  cardinal  points.  Its  height  is  4 0 feet.1 
The  present  measurements  of  the  basal  diameters  are,  from  NW.  to  SE.,  253  feet ; 
from  NE.  to  SW.,  230  feet. 

The  summit-plateau  in  the  same  directions,  respectively,  is  88  feet  and  59  feet. 
In  Fig.  1 is  a representation  of  this  mound,  which  serves  to  illustrate  the  extent  to 
which  mounds  sometimes  suffer  through  wash  of  rain.  The  picture  also  shows  how 
inadequate  the  camera  is  to  convey  a just  idea  of  the  height  of  a mound;  the  one 
in  question  having,  as  we  have  said,  an  altitude  of  40  feet. 

In  a SW.  by  W.  direction  from  the  principal  mound  is  one  more  symmetrical 
than  any  of  the  others,  with  a height  of  31  feet,  measured  from  the  north.  Its 
diameter  E.  and  W.  is  279  feet;  N.  and  S.,  243  feet.  Respectively  in  the  same 
directions  the  summit-plateau  measures  126  feet  and  100  feet.  The  sides  of  the 
mound  face  the  cardinal  points. 

1 In  our  measurement  of  heights  of  mounds  great  care  is  taken  to  select  the  surrounding  level  as 
a starting  point  and  to  avoid  ridges  and  depressions,  which  are  often  present  in  the  neighborhood  of 
mounds  in  the  shape,  respectively,  of  artificial  causeways  and  places  whence  material  has  been  taken. 

3 JOURN.  A.  N.  s.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


18  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

As  the  reader  is  aware,  a large  proportion  of  domiciliary  mounds  (to  which  the 
one  in  question  evidently  belongs)  are  without  burials,  though  a fewr  have  superficial 
burials  in  their  summit-plateaus.  The  latter  proved  to  be  tbe  case  in  this  mound? 
which  was  the  only  one  in  the  group  where  the  soil  of  the  summit-plateau  was  soft, 
dark,  and  fitted  for  cultivation. 

A great  number  of  trial-holes  sunk  by  us  all  over  the  summit  of  this  mound 
showed  a considerable  area  from  the  central  to  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  plateau 


Fig.  1. — Principal  mound.  Pritchard  Landing. 

to  be  of  material  much  darker  than  that  of  the  remaining  parts,  and  seven  trial- 
holes  in  this  dark  soil  at  once  exposed  human  remains. 

An  irregular  area  somewhat  elliptical  in  outline,  with  diameters  of  48  and  53 
feet,  which  area  proved  to  be  in  excess  of  the  space  containing  burials,  was  dug 
throughout  by  us  to  a depth  of  from  1 to  2.5  feet  where  the  dark  soil  came  to  an 
end. 

The  bones,  crumbling  and  in  fragments,  were  in  such  a condition  that  deter- 
mination as  to  the  method  of  burial  was  impossible,  though  in  a few  cases  the  burial 
at  length  was  indicated.  In  many  instances,  however,  bones  lay  scattered  and  in 
layers,  remnants  of  long-bones  lying  under  or  alongside  what  was  left  of  skulls. 

In  all,  parts  of  seventy-four  skulls  were  unearthed  (eleven  in  one  pit).  The 
remaining  bones  of  the  skeletons  were  far  fewer  than  the  complement  called  for 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  TIIE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


19 


by  the  number  of  crania,  but  from  the  condition  of  the  bones  which  remained  it  is 
probable  that  many  others  had  disappeared  through  decay. 

Such  artifacts  as  were  found  with  the  burials  are  not  of  a character  to  inspire 
enthusiasm  in  the  artistic  ability  of  those  who  occupied  so  important  a center  as 
this  one  must  have  been. 

With  one  burial  was  a small  arrowhead  of  chert;  a polished  “celt  ” 3 inches 
in  length,  which  was  given  to  Mr.  Oliphant,  the  owner  of  the  mounds;  and  several 
large  fragments  of  an  earthenware  pipe  bearing  rude  incised  decoration. 

Another  burial  had  with  it  a single  arrowhead  of  chert. 

With  human  remains  was  a pipe  of  earthenware  (having  a small  part  .missing 
from  the  rim)  also  with  rude,  incised  decoration  (Fig.  2). 


Fig.  2. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Pritchard  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Three  vessels  of  medium  size  were  found  associated  in  an  interesting  way. 
Immediately  over  a skull  was  a bowl  of  such  size  as  to  permit  it  exactly  to  cover 
the  cranium.  On  one  side  of  this  inverted  bowl,  and  in  contact  with  it,  was  a 
vessel  of  medium  size,  while  on  the  other  side  was  another  vessel  of  similar  dimen- 
sions, one  part  of  the  rim  of  which  dipped  under  the  inverted  bowl. 

With  a water-bottle,  found  in  fragments,  was  a bit  of  quartz  crystal.  These 
objects  were  not  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  human  bones,  but  undoubtedly 
they  had  been  associated  with  some  that  had  disappeared  through  decay  or  had 
suffered  disturbance. 

Fifteen  earthenware  vessels  came  from  this  cemetery,  nearly  all  being  found 
singly,  in  pairs,  or  three  together,  in  the  neighborhood  of  skulls.  One,  however,  lay 
at  the  hip  of  what  seemed  to  have  been  an  extended  skeleton  which  had  another 


20 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


vessel  near  the  skull.  Several  vessels  lay  apart  from  bones,  but  these,  no  doubt, 
originally  had  been  associated  with  them. 

With  one  exception  all  vessels  were  broken  when  found,  some  being  little  more 
than  crumbling  fragments. 

The  ware,  which  is  not  shell-tempered,  is  soft  and  probably  insufficiently  fired. 
Decoration,  when  present,  shows  little  originality,  being  represented  by  rude  com- 
binations of  lines  or  the  ever-recurring  scroll.  We  show  one  vessel  from  this  place. 

Vessel  No.  16.  A cup  of  somewhat 
unusual  form,  having  a flat  base  and  a 
commonplace  line  and  punctate  decora- 
tion (Fig.  3). 

Though  considerable  prospecting  was 
done  by  us  in  the  other  mounds  and  in 
the  level  ground  at  Pritchard  Landing,  no 
human  bones  were  found  and  no  artifacts, 
with  the  exception  of  several  arrowpoints 
of  chert. 

At  this  place  no  history  is  preserved 
of  the  finding  of  human  remains  through 
years  of  cultivation  or  in  the  digging  of 
numerous  post-holes  for  fences. 

A son  of  Mr.  Oliphant  described  the 
discovery  by  himself,  while  hoeing,  of  a 
frog  of  stone,  of  life-like  appearance,  hav- 
ing in  its  back  a circular  hole  of  considerable  size,  doubtless  a pipe. 

Scattered  over  the  level  ground  in  places  are  numerous  fragments  of  pottery  and 
of  stone,  evidences  of  aboriginal  occupancy,  and  we  are  unable  to  account  for  our 
inability  to  find  aboriginal  cemeteries  at  this  place,  unless  it  is  that  all  trace  of  them 
disappeared  through  long  cultivation  of  the  ground,  at  a period  anterior  to  our 
visit. 

Mounds  on  tiie  King  Place,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

At  the  junction  of  Rawson  and  Gaster  creeks,  about  1.5  mile  from  Pritchard 
Landing,  are  a number  of  low  mounds  on  the  property  of  Mr.  G.  F.  King,  who 
resides  on  the  place,  which  have  been  plowed  over  for  a considerable  time.  No 
history  of  any  discovery  on  this  place  has  been  preserved,  and  our  digging  had 
negative  result. 

Mound  at  Booth  Landing,  Catahoula  Parish.  La. 

On  property  belonging  to  Mr.  M.  E.  Booth,  who  lives  nearby,  is  a mound  12 
feet  4 inches  in  height  and  74  feet  across  the  base.  Its  shape  is  a truncated  cone, 
and  the  material  from  which  it  is  made  is  tenacious  alluvial  deposit,  necessitating 
the  use  of  a pick  for  removal. 


Fig.  3. — Vessel  No.  16.  Pritchard  Landing. 
(Height  3.6  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


21 


As  the  mound  is  a refuge  for  stock  in  times  of  high  water,  it  was  not  deemed 
advisable  to  destroy  it,  especially  as  two  pecan  trees  on  its  summit  were  valued  by 
the  owner. 

Owing  to  the  presence  of  these  trees  our  investigation  was  restricted  to  a pit 
11  feet  by  6 feet,  carried  down,  with  almost  perpendicular  walls,  from  the  summit- 
plateau  to  a depth  of  12  feet  6 inches,  where  undisturbed  ground  seemed  to  be 
reached.  On  this  basal  part  were  fragments  of  river  shells  and  a number  of  scales 
belonging  to  a fish  of  the  gar  family. 

H uman  remains  were  encountered  at  five  levels,  respectively  3 feet  6 inches; 
4 feet  9 inches ; 5 feet  7 inches ; 6 feet ; 7 feet  5 inches. 

The  bones  were  mere  moldering  fragments,  and  skulls,  eight  in  number,  were 
identified  in  seven  cases  by  traces  of  teeth  alone.  In  the  other  instance  a mastoid  pro- 
cess and  part  of  a lower  jaw  were  distinguishable. 

No  artifacts  lay  with  the  remains. 

A few  arrow-  and  lancepoints,  of  chert,  and 
one  of  quartzite  were  scattered  in  the  clay,  as 
were  several  hones  of  sandstone  and  a stopper- 
shaped pebble  which  may  have  been  utilized  by 
the  aborigines. 

A few  feet  from  this  mound  is  a small  area 
composed  of  black  soil  and  fragments  of  mussel- 
shells,  in  which  we  found  the  base  of  a vessel,  with 

. ....  . Fig.  4. — Base  of  vessel.  Booth  Landing. 

nine  feet  encircling  the  margin  (4  lg.  4).  (r)iani.  5.3  inthes.) 


Mounds  near  Big  Lake,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Big  Lake,  a small  sheet  of  water,  and  not  part  of  a former  course  of  the  river 
(which  sometimes  in  the  South  is  called  a “lake”),  is  about  one  mile  eastward 
from  Pippin’s  Landing,  on  property  of  Messrs.  H.  and  C.  Newman,  of  New  Orleans. 

Southwest  of  the  western  end  of  the  lake  are  a number  of  mounds,  some  small 
and  some  of  moderate  size.  Some  are  rectangular  in  outline,  and  all  are  fiat-topped 
and  evidently  domiciliary.  A number  had  been  dug  into  previous  to  our  visit. 

These  mounds  were  all  investigated  by  us  to  some  extent,  trial-holes  being 
sunk  with  a view  of  determining  if  cemeteries  were  present  in  the  summit-plateaus. 
Nothing  was  found,  the  clay  material  of  which  the  mounds  were  made  being  com- 
pact and  of  a raw  yellow  appearance,  with  no  admixture  of  the  organic  matter  which 
one  expects  where  burials  have  taken  place. 

Dwelling-sites  near  Harrelson  Landing,  Caldwell  Parish,  La. 

In  a field,  the  property  of  Mr.  C.  M.  Harrelson,  at  Harrelson  Landing,  who 
resides  on  the  place,  are  three  circular  rises  in  the  ground,  which  evidently  had 
been  used  as  dwelling-sites  in  aboriginal  times. 

One  of  these  (A),  about  45  feet  in  diameter,  had,  through  long  cultivation, 
been  plowed  almost  to  the  level  of  the  surrounding  ground.  Bits  of  pottery  and  a 


9,9 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


few  fragments  of  human  bones  lay  on  the  surface.  Careful  investigation  of  this 
site  yielded  part  of  one  badly  decayed  human  skeleton,  and  a skeleton  kindly 
identified  by  Prof.  F.  A.  Lucas  as  having  belonged  to  an  Indian  dog. 

Another  rise  in  the  ground  (B),  63  feet  in  diameter,  was  somewhat  higher  than 
the  one  just  described.  Scattered  over  its  surface  in  profusion  were  potsherds  and 
fragments  of  human  bones. 

Human  remains  were  encountered  by  us  in  nineteen  places  in  this  site,  but 
their  condition  was  unsatisfactory,  owing  to  the  state  of  decay  in  which  most  of 
them  were,  and  to  the  great  amount  of  disturbance,  aboriginal  and  recent,  to  which 
they  had  been  subjected.  Many  burials  were  just  below  the  surface,  and  the  deepest 
was  but  30  inches  down.  Several  skulls  and  some  other  bones  were  in  a condition 
to  save,  however. 

One  burial  was  a skeleton  lying  flexed  on  the  left  side ; five  were  at  full  length 
on  the  back,  two  being  without  skulls;  thirteen  burials  had  been  disturbed. 

No  artifacts  were  present  with  the  dead  with  the  exception  of  one  arrowhead 
of  chert,  which  lay  beneath  a femur. 

A few  arrowheads  and  lanceheads,  of  chert,  and  a drill  of  the  same  material 
lay  apart  from  human  remains,  as  did  a piercing  implement  of  bone  having  the 
articular  part  of  the  bone  remaining. 

The  third  elevation  (C)  evidently  had  not  been  used  for  burial  purposes,  as  a 
thorough  search  was  unsuccessful. 


Mound  near  Poplar  Grove  Landing,  Caldwell  Parish,  La. 

About  one  mile  east  from  Poplar  Grove  Landing,  in  sight  from  the  road,  on 
property  belonging  to  Mr.  Frantz  E.  Stewart,  who  lives  near  the  landing,  is  a mound 
in  the  form  of  a truncated  cone,  12  feet  in  height  and  69  feet  across  the  base.  As 
this  mound  has  been  used  for  burial  purposes  in  recent  times,  a careful  investiga- 
tion was  not  attempted. 

Mounds  near  Hogan  Landing  and  near  Wade  Landing, 

Caldwell  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  at  Hogan  Landing  and  at  Wade  Landing,  being  in  use  as  cemeteries 
at  the  present  time,  were  not  available  for  investigation. 

Mound  near  Billy  Landing,  Caldwell  Parish,  La. 

On  the  river  bank  at  Billy  Landing,  on  property  of  Mr.  Philip  Barnes,  is  a 
small  part  of  a mound,  the  other  part  of  which,  we  were  informed,  had  recently 
fallen  into  the  river.  Embedded  in  the  exposed  section  of  the  mound  there  still 
remained  at  the  time  of  our  visit  fragments  of  a medium  sized  vessel  of  earthen- 
ware. 

Considerable  digging  in  an  adjoining  field,  on  the  surface  of  which  were  a few 
fragments  of  pottery  and  of  chert,  vras  without  reward. 


23 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

Mound  and  site  near  Cut-Off  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

At  Cut-Off  Landing,  on  property  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Stewart  (who  lives  at  Gilbert 
Stewart  Landing,  about  five  miles  above,  by  water),  on  high  ground  above  the  land- 
ing and  about  200  yards  NNW.  from  it,  is  a mound  about  5.5  feet  high,  with  a 
basal  diameter  of  52  feet.  This  mound,  which  is  of  clayey  sand,  previous  to  our 
coming  had  been  trenched  in  to  the  center  on  the  southern  side  and  the  immediate 
middle  portion  had  been  dug  out. 

Eleven  trial-holes  sunk  into  the  mound  by  us  were  without  result. 

A few  yards  easterly  from  this  mound  is  an  aboriginal  dwelling-site,  fairly 
littered  with  debris  left  by  its  former  occupants.  This  site,  under  cultivation  in 
recent  times,  but  fallow  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  had  rich  black  soil,  due  to  pro- 
tracted occupancy.  At  one  place  on  the  surface  lay  part  of  a skull  and  other  human 
bones. 

This  place,  unfortunately,  like  so  many  investigated  by  us  in  this  region, 
proved  to  have  been  too  long  under  cultivation  to  have  preserved  the  artifacts  and 
aboriginal  burials  which  undoubtedly  at  one  time  it  had  held.  Trial-holes  sunk  in 
every  portion  of  the  field  showed  the  surface  soil  left  by  aboriginal 
occupancy  to  have  been  so  washed  by  rain  after  cultivation  that  but 
little  of  it  was  left  above  the  undisturbed  clay. 

There  were  gathered  from  the  surface  by  us:  a drill  of  chert; 
several  knives  and  small  arrowheads  of  the  same  material;  and  an 
interesting  arrowhead  or  knife,  also  of  chert,  shown  in  Fig.  5. 

Prof.  W.  K.  Moorehead  informs  us  that  the  type  last  mentioned 
is  rare,  a few  specimens  having  been  found  in  Tennessee,  Arkansas, 
and  Louisiana,  and  that  similar  forms  in  obsidian  from  California  and 
from  Oregon  are  in  bis  possession.  Mead  or  k'nTfe" 

An  almost  exactly  similar  implement  was  found  by  us  on  the  sur-  oViIndinV.'1 
face  of  a dwelling-site  at  Ragland  Landing,  a few  miles  below  where  the  1,1111  slze  1 
first  implement  was  found.  The  second  specimen,  however,  has  a rounded  edge  as 
if  it  had  served  as  a knife. 

Also  we  were  shown  on  a site  on  Little  river,  by  a man  who  was  camping 
there,  a handsome  arrowhead  or  knife  of  the  type  in  question,  of  red  chert,  and  much 
larger  than  the  specimen  found  by  us. 

Mounds  opposite  Logtown  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

Immediately  across  the  river  from  Logtown  Landing  is  a cultivated  field  in 
which  are  traces  of  several  small  mounds  and  part  of  a mound  with  flat  top,  prob- 
ably originally  7 or  8 feet  in  height,  which  has  been  in  part  under  cultivation  and 
has  been  largely  washed  aw  a 

In  the  surrounding  field  are  remains  of  dwelling-sites,  the  dark  soil  of  which 
has  been  plowed  and  washed  away  until  undisturbed  clay  is  apparent  in  places. 

As  it  became  evident  that  time  would  be  spent  in  negotiations  with  the  owner 
of  this  place  for  even  the  small  amount  of  investigation  we  had  planned  to  devote 
to  it,  we  passed  on  to  more  inviting  fields  of  research. 


y by  rain. 


24 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Cemetery  at  Myatt’s  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

At  Myatt' s Landing,  about  15  miles  by  water  below  the  city  of  Monroe,  is  the 
plantation  of  Capt.  A.  Myatt,  wbo  resides  upon  it.  On  the  left  of  the  road  leading 
inland  from  the  landing,  is  a large  cotton  field.  At  the  extreme  northern  corner  of 
this  field,  adjoining  the  road,  is  a restricted  area  of  soil  darkened  by  admixture  of 
organic  matter,  extending  variously  from  .5  foot  to  2.5  feet  below  the  surface,  on 
which  were  fragments  of  musselshells,  pebbles,  and  other  debris  from  aboriginal 
occupancy. 

We  were  informed  by  Captain  Myatt  that  in  work  connected  with  the  planta- 
tion, and  later  by  the  digging  of  several  individuals  who  visited  tbe  place,  skeletons, 
about  ten  in  number,  had  been  unearthed,  and  that  with  these  skeletons  a few 
earthenware  vessels  had  been  found. 

This  area  covered  by  debris  is  one  of  the  highest  parts  of  the  plantation,  and 
is  reached  by  the  river  only  at  periods  of  exceptionally  high  water. 

The  dwelling-site  apparently  extends  across  the  road  (which  has  cut  through 
it  to  undisturbed  clay)  and  continues  in  a northwesterly  direction,  on  which  part  is 
the  residence  of  Captain  Myatt. 

Consequently  our  investigation  was  limited  to  that  part  of  tbe  site  lying  within 
the  field.  A most  thorough  search  of  this  portion  was  made  by  us  with  the  aid  of 
trenches  and  trial-holes;  this  and  the  subsequent  work  occupying  two  days  and  a 
half  with  our  force  of  diggers,  which,  as  we  have  said,  consisted  of  eleven  men, 
and  four  to  supervise. 

It  was  clearly  determined  that  but  a small  part  of  the  dwelling-site  included 
within  the  field  (that  which  bordered  the  fence)  had  been  used  as  a cemetery,  and 
this  part  was  completely  dug  through  by  us. 

Thirty-eight  burials  were  encountered  in  addition  to  many  bones  scattered  by 
disturbance  in  aboriginal  times  and  through  the  agency  of  the  plow  at  a later  period. 
It  was  as  a rule  easy  to  determine  to  which  class  these  disturbances  belonged  ; those 
arising  through  cultivation  of  the  soil  being  more  fragmentary  and  nearer  the  sur- 
face than  were  the  aboriginal  disturbances. 

No  graves  were  at  a depth  greater  than  2.5  feet. 

Tbe  form  of  burial  which  was  determined  by  us  in  but  seven  instances  was  at 
full  length  on  the  back,  with  the  lower  limbs  crossed  in  one  case.  A number  of 
other  burials  evidently  had  been  at  full  length  also,  judging  from  undisturbed  parts 
of  the  skeleton  that  remained. 

There  was  no  fixed  orientation,  the  skulls  being  directed  toward  various  points 
of  tbe  compass. 

A number  of  skulls  and  other  skeletal  parts  from  this  place  were  saved  in 
fairly  good  condition,  and  were  sent  to  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

In  a small  pit  in  this  cemetery,  in  which  no  bones  were  found,  were  a number  of 
musselshells,  the  best  preserved  of  which  proved  to  be  : Lampsilis  liydianns;  L. 
purpuraius  ; L.  ventricosus  satur ; L.  anodontoides ; Quadrula  heros  dombeyana  ; 
O.  perplicata. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


25 


The  yield  of  artifacts  from  this  cemetery  was  meager. 

N ear  a burial  was  part  of  a bone  pin,  which  probably  was  only  midden  debris. 
With  a burial  in  one  instance,  and  apart  from  bones  in  another  case,  were 
two  objects  of  shell,  each  about  1.5  inch  in  length,  cylindrical,  having  a head  about 
.75  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  is  somewhat  in  excess  of  the  remainder  of  the 
object — probably  ear-plugs  of  a well-known  type. 


Fig.  6. — Vessel  Xo.  15.  Myatt’s  Landing.  (Height  5.8  inches.) 


W ith  the  burials  were  seventeen  vessels  of  earthenware,  each  found  singly 
near  a skull,  where  the  original  position  could  be  determined,  which  it  was  possible 
to  do  in  almost  every  case. 

4 JOURN.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


26 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  7. — Vessel  No.  11.  Myatt’s  Landing.  (Diam.  8.2  inches.) 

Vessel  No.  11.  This  vessel,  an  attempt  at  a life-form,  presumably  represents 
a bird,  the  wings  possibly  being  indicated  by  faint  incised  markings  which  hardly 
appear  in  the  illustration  (Fig.  7).  That  the  aborigines  at  this  place  were  hardly 


In  addition  to  these  vessels,  many  of  which  were  broken  or  fell  apart  on  re- 
moval, were  fragments  of  vessels,  which  were  probably  parts  of  mortuary  deposits 
that  had  been  scattered  by  the  plow  or  through  disturbance  in  aboriginal  times. 

The  vessels  from  this  cemetery  are  of  moderate  size.  Much  of  the  ware  is 
inferior.  Shell-tempering  is  present  in  some  instances.  In  form  the  vessels  in  the 
main  partake  of  the  character  of  pots.  The  water-bottle  is  represented  in  several 
instances,  and  one  life-form  is  among  the  vessels  found. 

Few  of  the  vessels  are  without  ornamentation.  The  decoration,  when  present 
— trailed,  incised,  or  punctate  markings,  as  the  case  may  be — is  often  rude.  Red 
pigment  is  present  in  one  case,  within  incised  lines. 

The  following  vessels  are  deemed  worthy  of  special  description  : 

Vessel  No.  15.  This  bottle  (Fig.  6),  of  brown  ware,  with  incised  and  punctate 
decoration,  rudely  executed,  is  interesting  in  one  particular  in  that  the  entire  neck 
is  decorated  exteriorly,  any  decoration  on  necks  of  long-necked  bottles  being  un- 
usual, except  in  the  case  of  such  vessels  from  regions  to  the  northward,  on  the  necks 
of  which  pigment  has  been  used. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


27 


adepts  in  the  plastic  art  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  in  place  of  a modeled  bird’s 
head  we  find  a mere  knob  with  attempts  at  line  decoration  upon  it. 

There  are  two  holes  for  suspension  at  opposite  ends  of  the  opening. 

Farther  up  the  Ouachita,  in  the  cemetery  in  Boytt’s  Field,  we  found  somewhat 
of  an  improvement  on  this  style  of  vessel,  though  in  that  case  also  no  modeling  on 
the  head  has  been  attempted. 

In  another  field,  westwardly  from  the  house,  is  a shell  deposit  near  the  bank 
of  a bayou  which  joins  the  Ouachita  river  at  Myatt’s  Landing.  In  this  deposit  we 
found  shells  as  follows  : Quadrula  heros  dombeycina ; 0.  trapezoides ; Q.  perpli- 

cata  ; Q.  trigona  ; Q.  pyramidcita  ; Q.  asper  ; Plagiola  securis. 

All  these  species  inhabit  the  lower  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries,  and  with 
one  exception  the  shells  found  seem  entirely  similar  to  those  of  the  living  shell  fish. 
Q.  pyramidcita  is  about  two-thirds  the  ordinary  size,  though  evidently  adult.  This 
probably  has  no  special  significance,  according  to  Doctor  Pilsbry,  who  has  seen 
similar  dwarf  colonies  of  other  species,  probably  due  to  local  conditions  unfavorable 
to  them. 

Near  the  shell  deposit,  on  the  surface,  are  many  signs  of  aboriginal  occupancy, 
and  the  soil  is  blackened  to  a considerable  depth.  Numerous  trial-holes  yielded  no 
human  remains. 

There  were  gathered  from  the  surface:  two  disks  of  ferruginous  sandstone,  each 
with  a concavity  on  either  side;  a small  “celt”  which  was  given  to  the  owner  of 
the  plantation;  a chisel  wrought  from  a chert  pebble;  knives  and  arrowheads  of 
chert;  part  of  an  object  of  bone,  probably  originally  intended  for  a bead,  but  which 
had  split  in  the  boring.  Prof.  F.  A.  Lucas  believes  this  bone  to  be  from  the  leg 
of  a deer. 


Mound  near  Pargaud  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

This  mound,  on  the  Pargaud  Plantation,  is  the  property  of  Mr.  John  T.  Cole, 
to  whom  belongs  also  the  Glendora  Plantation,  which  figures  so  largely  in  this 
report. 

The  mound,  evidently  domiciliary,  has  suffered  through  wash  of  rain.  It  was 
not  dug  into  by  us. 

Cemetery  on  the  Glendora  Plantation,  Ouachita  Parish,  La. 

The  Glendora  Plantation,  about  sixteen  miles  above  Monroe,  by  water,  is  the 
property  of  Mr.  John  T.  Cole,  who,  as  we  have  said,  lives  on  another  plantation 
belonging  to  him,  which  is  somewhat  nearer  Monroe.  The  Academy  is  greatly 
indebted  to  Mr.  Cole  for  the  privilege  of  investigating  the  rich  cemetery  on  his 
place. 

Immediately  at  the  landing  is  a cotton-gin,  and  almost  directly  back  of  this 
gin  was  an  aboriginal  cemetery  in  ground  long  under  cultivation,  believed  to  be 
beyond  reach  of  the  river. 


28 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


This  ground,  planted  in  oats  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  gave  no  superficial  indi- 
cation of  what  lay  beneath,  and  was  hardly  perceptibly  above  the  surrounding 
level.  Its  history,  however,  was  widespread,  it  being  generally  known  that  years 
before,  a member  of  Mr.  Cole's  family  had  made  a small  collection  of  earthenware 
vessels  from  the  place  which  had  been  brought  to  his  notice  through  discoveries 
made  by  employees  while  digging  post-holes. 

Trial-holes  sunk  by  ns  where  the  relics  had  been  found  came  immediately 
upon  traces  of  human  remains  and  vessels  of  earthenware.  Guided  by  the  results 
obtained  in  the  holes,  a rectangular  area  54  feet  long  by  51  feet  wide,  the  longer 
dimension  running  E.  and  W.,  was  entirely  dug  through  by  us,  largely  with  the 
use  of  trowels,  especially  where  grave-pits  were  encountered,  the  deepest  of  which 
extended  38  inches  below  the  surface. 

The  space  dug  through,  consisting  of  sandy  clay,  contained  burials  in  consider- 
able numbers,  with  the  exception  of  the  final  seven  feet  of  the  eastern  end.  Sub- 
sequently, digging  in  irregular  spaces,  amounting  to  847  square  feet,  was  done 
contiguous  to  the  N.,  S.  and  W.  parts  of  the  area  already  dug  (making  the  total 
digging  somewhat  less  than  one-tenth  of  an  acre),  in  order  to  determine  if  burials 
extended  beyond. 

While  some  burials  were  encountered  in  this  latter  digging,  they  were  much 
less  numerous  in  proportion  to  the  space  covered  than  were  those  in  the  portion 
first  dug,  and  it  was  evident,  when  our  digging  was  discontinued,  that  we  had 
reached  a tract  in  which  burials  were  widely  apart. 

As  we  have  said,  the  deepest  grave-pit  found  by  us  had  a depth  of  38  inches. 
There  were  many  of  almost  equal  depth.  Some  were  comparatively  small  and  cir- 
cular, indicating  the  bunched  burial;  others,  by  their  shape,  showed  that  the  ex- 
tended form  of  burial  had  been  employed. 

Human  remains  were  encountered  at  121  places  in  the  cemetery,  and,  as  a 
rule,  consisted  of  hardly  more  than  traces  of  bones — sometimes  crowns  of  teeth  only, 
which  were  crumbling  into  dust. 

It  is  impossible  to  form  an  estimate  of  the  number  of  individuals  who  had  been 
interred,  since  not  only  were  the  remains  decayed  as  we  have  described,  but  there 
had  been  great  aboriginal  disturbance  in  the  cemetery,  caused  by  interments  cutting 
through  others  previously  made  ; and  these  disturbances  had  created  sad  havoc 
among  bones  and  pottery. 

In  this  cemetery  little  of  interest  had  been  placed  with  the  dead,  with  the 
exception  of  vessels  of  earthenware.  Glass  beads  were  found  at  six  points  and 
ornaments  of  sheet-brass  eighteen  times,  in  connection  with  human  remains. 

In  some  instances  the  alloyed  metal  was  corroded  through  and  through,  traces 
only  remaining;  in  others,  however,  the  brass  was  better  preserved  and  was  found 
in  the  form  of  small  cones;  disks  of  various  diameters;  tubular  beads;  wide, 
annular  ornaments  which  possibly  had  been  worn  on  the  fingers. 

We  shall  now  give  in  detail  a description  of  all  objects  found  with  human 
remains  in  this  cemetery,  excepting,  however,  glass,  brass,  and  vessels  of  earthen- 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY.  29 

ware,  unless  objects  belonging  to  these  classes  were  found  associated  with  other 
objects. 

Vessels  of  earthenware,  later,  will  be  assigned  a place  to  themselves. 

Burial  No.  8,  only  teeth,  had  with  it  a brass  disk  5.75  inches  in  diameter, 
which  fell  to  bits  on  removal ; three  fragments  of  chert ; and  a large  bead,  fashioned 
from  a conch  ( Fulgur ) by  drilling  a hole  through  a part  of  the  shell  including  a 
portion  of  the  shoulder,  and  leaving  attached  on  each  side,  great  wings  consisting 
of  portions  of  the  bodywhorl  of  the  shell. 

Since  visiting  the  cemetery  at  Old  River  Landing  on  the  Arkansas  river,1  we 
have  obtained  from  that  place  ten  beads  exactly  similar  in  type  to  the  one  just 
described,  which  were  found  with  three  others,  it  is 
said,  with  a burial  in  digging  in  the  garden  of  the 
principal  dwelling  on  the  place.  As  these  beads  are  in 
better  condition  than  the  one  from  Glendora,  we  show 
one  of  them  in  Fig.  8.  Its  maximum  diameter  is  2.25 
inches. 

Burial  No.  19,  traces  of  teeth,  had  associated  with 
it  a discoidal  stone  of  limonite  partly  coated  with  hema- 
tite, 2.8  inches  in  diameter;  a knife  of  chert,  2.7  inches 
in  length  ; two  earthenware  vessels. 

Burial  No.  25,  remains  of  a skull,  had  near  it  a 
pebble  of  chert  and  three  vessels  of  earthenware. 

Burial  No.  26,  traces  of  teeth,  had  nearby : glass 
beads ; two  earthenware  vessels,  one  of  which  was 
turned  over  a discoidal  stone,  while  another  one  lay  out- 
side the  vessel.  These  discoidals,  one  of  a hard,  fine-grained  stone,  the  other  an 
impure  quartz  were,  respectively,  1.8  inch  and  2.7  inches  in  diameter. 

Burial  No.  36,  fragments  of  a skull,  was  associated  with  a single  pebble  of  chert. 

Burial  No.  42,  a skull  in  fragments,  had  nearby  a number  of  small,  round 
pebbles  which,  presumably,  had  belonged  to  a rattle. 

Burial  No.  58,  mere  outlines  of  a skull,  had  as  a mortuary  deposit,  one  flake 
of  chert  and  two  coarsely-made  arrowpoints  of  the  same  material. 

Burial  No.  75,  small  fragments  of  bones,  was  accompanied  by  glass  beads; 
traces  of  sheet-brass;  two  chert  pebbles;  two  vessels  of  earthenware. 

Burial  No.  77  had,  in  association,  a chert  pebble  and  two  vessels  of  earthen- 
ware, under  one  of  which  was  another  chert  pebble  showing  wear. 

Burial  No.  84,  the  outline  of  a skull  and  fragments  of  bones  so  placed  that  a 
bunched  burial  was  indicated,  had  a brass  disk  2.5  inches  in  diameter;  another 
with  a diameter  of  7.75  inches;  a large  shell  bead;  two  implements  of  iron  or  of 
steel,  badly  rusted,  each  about  9 inches  in  length,  resembling  slender  lancepoints. 

Burial  No.  88,  bits  of  bone,  had  a discoidal,  seemingly  of  fine-grained  sand- 
stone, 2.6  inches  in  diameter. 

1 See  our  “Certain  Mounds  of  Arkansas  and  of  Mississippi,”  p.  511. 


Fig.  8. — Shell  bead  from  Arkansas. 
(Full  size.) 


30 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Burial  No.  93,  remnants  of  a skull  and  of  other  bones  of  a child,  had  placed  near 
it  four  earthenware  vessels ; two  chert  pebbles ; the  remnants  of  an  ear-plug  made 
of  shell  and  wood  ; and  a discoidal  of  quartz,  with  a diameter  of  2.8  inches. 

Burial  No.  95,  fragments  of  the  skull  of  a child,  was  accompanied  by  shell 
beads  ; traces  of  sheet-brass  ; a small  earthenware  bottle. 

Burial  No.  105,  fragments  of  bone,  had  an  undecorated  tobacco-pipe  of  ordi- 
nary pattern,  the  only  pipe  met  with  in  the  cemetery. 

Burial  No.  109,  fragments  of  bones,  lay  with  three  small  cones  of  sheet-brass, 
two  vessels  of  earthenware,  and  a discoidal  of  fine-grained  sandstone,  3.4  inches  in 
diameter. 

Apart  from  human  remains,  but  undoubtedly  having  been  with  them  originally 
were  : chert  pebbles  in  several  instances  ; fragments  of  brass ; red  pigment  (oxide  of 
iron)  ; a lancehead  of  black  chert,  slightly  less  than  4 inches  in  length,  with  the 
shank  missing;  a double-pointed  weapon  of  chert,  7.75  inches  in  length;  two  dis- 
coidal stones  each  found  with  a vessel  of  earthenware.  One  of  these  discoidals,  of 
quartz,  is  2.6  inches  in  diameter;  the  other,  with  a diameter  of  2.9  inches,  is  of 
limonite  beautifully  coated  with  a natural  deposit  of  hematite,  similar  to  others  we 
have  found  previously  and  like  the  one  described  by  General  Thruston.1 

Three  hundred  and  twenty-two  vessels  of  earthenware,  nearly  all  badly  broken, 
were  found  in  the  cemetery  on  the  Glendora  Plantation.  Many  of  these  were  in 
disintegrating  fragments  which  indicated,  nevertheless,  the  deposit  of  entire  vessels 
by  the  aborigines. 

As  in  aboriginal  life  vessels  of  inferior  ware  and  of  comparatively  crude  decora- 
tion no  doubt  predominated,  so  vessels  of  this  class  might  be  expected  to  be  in  the 
majority  in  deposits  made  with  the  dead  ; and  so  it  proved  to  be  in  the  Glendora 
cemetery. 

Nevertheless,  from  this  cemetery  came  some  of  the  most  beautiful  vessels  it 
has  been  our  good  fortune  to  obtain  in  our  years  of  search. 

A veritable  passion  to  decorate  seems  to  have  possessed  the  pottery  makers  of 
Glendora,  the  entire  bodies  and  even  the  bases  of  vessels  from  there  sometimes  bear- 
ing decoration.  This  ornamentation,  usually  incised,  though  often  faint  and  rather 
coarsely  done,  is  sometimes  of  great  beauty  both  in  design  and  in  execution,  though, 
unfortunately,  the  constant  recurrence  of  the  scroll  leads  us  to  attribute  a lack  of 
originality  to  the  native  artist. 

Certain  of  the  vessels  from  this  place,  mainly  bowls,  are  of  thin  and  finely 
tempered  ware,  some  brown,  some  black,  often  highly  polished.  There  are  also 
among  the  vessels  a few  specimens  of  ware  coated  with  red  pigment  and,  in  addi- 
tion, covered  with  incised  decoration. 

Shell  tempering,  though  present  at  Glendora,  is  not  found  in  its  earthenware 
of  highest  grade. 

The  vessels  from  this  cemetery  seem  to  have  been  placed  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  head  of  the  dead,  as  nearly  all  those  found  with  human  remains  (many  were 
1 “ Antiquities  of  Tennessee,”  1S97,  p.  272. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


31 


found  apart  from  bones  presumably  on  account  of  aboriginal  disturbance  or  because 
burials  had  entirely  disappeared)  lay  near  remnants  of  teeth  or  fragments  of  skull, 
sometimes  on  one  side  of  the  skull  only,  occasionally  on  both  sides  of  it. 

On  no  occasion  were  more  than  five  vessels  positively  determined  to  have  been 
placed  with  one  burial,  though  in  a single  instance  it  seemed  as  if  two  deposits  of 
three  vessels  each  accompanied  the  same  skull ; but  it  is  possible  that  one  of  these 
groups  (which  was  somewhat  separated  from  the  other)  had  been  placed  with 
skeletal  remains  that  had  entirely  disappeared. 

The  method  of  arrangement  of  the  earthenware  vessels  in  the  Glendora  ceme- 
tery which  was  unusually  diverse,  was  as  follows : 

A single  vessel  resting  on  its  base. 

Two  vessels  standing  upright. 

A single  inverted  bowl. 

An  upright  vessel  and  an  inverted  one,  together. 

Three  vessels  standing;  two  upright,  one  inverted. 

A vessel  resting  on  its  base  and  another  on  its  side. 

Two  upright  vessels  and  one  on  its  side. 

One  upright  vessel  and  two  resting  on  their  sides. 

An  upright  vessel  covered  by  a large  fragment. 

An  upright  vessel  with  a vessel  inverted  over  it,  sometimes  fitting  closely. 

Two  upright  vessels,  over  one  of  which  was  a third  vessel  inverted. 

Three  upright  vessels,  one  having  a vessel  inverted  upon  it. 

An  erect  vessel  with  another  turned  over  it ; with  these,  a vessel  on  its  side. 

An  erect  vessel  and  one  on  its  side,  each  covered  by  an  inverted  vessel. 

Two  upright  vessels,  over  one  of  which  was  a third  vessel  inverted,  a fourth 
vessel  inverted  completing  the  group. 

Three  upright  vessels,  one  of  them  having  a vessel  turned  over  it,  a fifth  vessel 
inverted  completing  the  group. 

A large  vessel  turned  over  three  small  ones  standing  erect. 

Two  vessels  standing  erect,  one  covered  by  part  of  a large  conch-shell  (. Fulgur ). 

Two  upright  vessels,  one  having  a third  vessel  placed  upright  upon  it. 

An  upright  vessel  on  top  of  another  also  upright,  an  inverted  vessel  alongside. 

Two  upright  vessels,  one  containing  another  also  erect. 

Two  vessels  standing  erect,  within  one  of  them  a vessel  inverted. 

A vessel  standing  upright  within  another  one  which,  in  its  turn,  was  placed  on 
a vessel  standing  on  its  base. 

One  vessel  was  inverted  over  a discoidal  stone. 

In  fifteen  vessels  were  single  musselshells  in  fragments,  doubtless  having  served 
as  spoons. 

We  append  a description  of  the  more  noteworthy  vessels  from  this  exception- 
cemetery. 

Vessel  No.  132.  An  effigy-bowl  of  yellow  ware,  coated  exteriorly  with  red 
pigment  of  a character  much  superior  to  that  found  in  the  middle  Mississippi  region, 


ally  interesting 


32 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


though  the  use  of  pigment  is  so  extensive  there.  The  tail  and  the  head  project  from 
opposite  sides.  The  nostrils,  ears,  and  eyes,  and  probably  the  mouth,  have  been 
accentuated  with  white  pigment,  though  the  eyes  alone  still  clearly  show  the  material 
(Plate  I).  The  four  legs,  one  of  which  (a  hind  leg)  is  missing,  have  been  modeled 
in  relief. 

In  addition  to  the  decoration  with  pigment,  the  vessel  is  completely  covered  as 
to  the  body  with  beautifully  incised  scroll-work,  the  field  being  irregular  disks  and 
evenly  made  reticulated  lines.  There  are  four  holes  for  suspension  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  vessel  below  the  head  and  tail.  We  believe  this  vessel  to  be  unique. 

We  shall  now  show  a series  of  gracefully  shaped  bottles  from  Glendora  ceme- 
tery, all  of  excellent  brown,  or  of  polished  black  ware ; some  flat,  some  rounded,  as 
to  the  bases. 


Fig.  9. — Vessel  Xo.  30.  Glendora.  (Height  4.4  inches.) 


The  necks,  which  are  short,  exhibit  a peculiar  swelling  representing  a cup 
placed  upon  the  body  of  the  bottle — a compound  form. 

Professor  Holmes  says1:  “Compound  forms  are  not  unusual  and  consist  gener- 
ally of  imitations  of  two  vessels,  the  one  superimposed  upon  or  set  in  the  mouth  of 
another.  * * * 


1 Fourth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Am.  Etlin.,  p.  417. 


jOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.,  2ND  SER.,  VOL.  XIV. 


PLATE  I. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  . VALLEY. 

GLENDORA,  VESSEL  NO.  132.  (full  size.) 


Cockayne,  Boston. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.,  2ND  SER. , VOL.  XIV. 


PLATE  II. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

GLENDORA,  VESSEL  NO.  107.  (height,  8.25  inches.) 


COCKAYNK,  IIOSTON 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


33 


“ Other  specimens  may  be  seen  in  which  there  is  only  a gentle  swelling  of  the 
neck,  but  all  gradations  occur  between  this  condition  and  that  in  which  forms  of 
two  vessels  distinctly  appear.” 

We  may  explain  here  that  several  of  the  vessels  figured  in  this  class  by  us 
have  possessed,  in  the  past,  necks  of  the  variety  under  description,  but  these  necks 
having  been  broken  in  part  in  aboriginal  times,  have  been  carefully  smoothed  and 
evened  oft' to  enable  the  vessel  to  be  continued  in  use. 

The  decoration  on  these  bottles  of  compound  form  from  Glendora  is  usually  a 
combination  of  the  scroll  and  other  minor  figures,  trailed  in  some  instances,  incised 
in  others,  in  a manner  superior  to  anything  of  the  kind  hitherto  met  with  outside 
the  lower  Mississippi  region. 


Fig.  10. — Vessel  No.  157.  Glendora.  (Height  7.75  inches.) 


This  set  of  bottles  is  shown  in  Figs.  9 to  26,  inclusive. 

Vessel  No.  107.  This  superb  bottle,  shown  in  Plate  II,  is  of  the  same  type  as 
the  bottles  just  described,  but  has,  in  addition,  an  exterior  coating  of  red  pigment 
of  superior  quality,  through  which  is  incised  a beautiful  combination  of  disks  and 
running  scrolls  in  a field  of  parallel  lines  which  seem  to  lend  emphasis  to  the  decora- 
tion. In  all  probability  the  lines  of  the  incised  decoration  on  this  bottle  have  been 
accentuated  with  white  pigment,  but  if  such  was  the  case,  no  trace  of  the  coloring 
material  remains. 

5 JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHIL  A.,  VOL.  XIV. 


34 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  11. — Vessel  No.  187.  Glendora.  (Diam.  4.8  inches.) 


Fig.  12. — Vessel  No.  187.  Decoration.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


35 


Fig.  13. — Vessel  No.  148.  Glendora.  (Height  7.4  inches.) 


36 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  14. — Vessel  No.  66.  Glendora.  (Height  7.3  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


37 


Fig.  15. — Vessel  No.  264.  Glendora.  (Height  7.8  inches.) 


38 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  16. — Vessel  Xo.  150.  Glendora.  (Height  8.5  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


39 


Fig.  17. — Vessel  No.  1.  Glendora.  (Diam.  5.7  inches.) 


40 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  18. — Vessel  No.  276.  Glendora.  (Diarn.  7.3  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


41 


Fig.  19. — Vessel  Xo.  190.  Glendora.  (Diarn.  6.2  inches.) 


6 JOURX.  A.  X.  S.  PH1LA.,  VOL.  XIV 


42 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  20. — Vessel  No.  255.  Glendora.  (Height  4.8  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


43 


Fig.  21. — Vessel  No.  223.  Glendora.  (Height  6,5  inches.) 


44 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  22. — Vessel  No.  207.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.6  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


45 


Fig.  23. — Vessel  No.  172.  Glendora.  (Height  7.8  inches.) 


46 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  24. — Vessel  No.  51.  Glendora.  (Diam.  7.1  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


47 


Fig.  25. — Vessel  No.  113.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.3  inches.) 


48 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  26. — Vessel  No.  154.  Glendora.  (Height  6.75  inches.) 


We  shall  now  refer  to  some  of  the  bowls  from  Glendora,  most  of  which  are  of 
polished  black  or  of  brown  ware  and  nearly  all  of  which  bear  as  decoration  incised 
designs  made  up  mainly  of  combinations  of  the  scroll  or  of  kindred  patterns  in  con- 
nection with  minor  devices.  Occasionally  these  designs  exhibit  beautiful  types  of 
the  swastika.  The  scrolls  at  times  show  notched  effects  which  may  refer  back  to 
the  attributes  of  the  plumed  serpent,1  though  eventually,  no  doubt,  the  scroll  came 
to  be  used  in  relation  to  all  animal  forms. 

In  some  instances  the  incised  decoration  on  these  bowls  has  been  emphasized 
with  red  pigment,  and  sometimes  with  white  coloring  material,  while  occasionally 
we  find  red  pigment  in  the  lines  of  the  upper  part  of  the  decoration  and  white  pig- 
ment in  those  of  the  lower  part. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  a bowl  of  the  class  under  description,  and  with 
red  and  white  pigment  in  its  lines,  was  found  by  us  a year  before,  in  the  mound  at 
Douglas  on  the  lower  Arkansas  river. 

A selection  of  fifteen  of  these  bowls  from  the  cemetery  at  Glendora,  and  their 
decoration,  shown  in  diagram  in  all  cases  but  two,  where  it  was  not  deemed  neces- 
sary to  include  it,  appear  in  Figs.  27  to  54,  inclusive. 

1 C.  B.  Moore,  “Moundville  Revisited,”  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Vol.  XIII,  pp.  372-382, 
inclusive. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  TIIE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


49 


Fig.  27. — Vessel  No.  164.  Glendora.  (Diani.  5.3  inches.) 


Fig.  28. — Vessel  No.  65.  Glendora.  (Diani.  5.5  inches.) 


7 JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


50 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  29. — Vessel  No.  21.  Glendora.  (Length  6.5  inches.) 


Fig.  30. — Vessel  No.  21.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


51 


Fig.  31. — Vessel  No.  247  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.75  inches.) 


Fig.  32. — Vessel  No.  247. 


Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  33. — Vessel  No.  71.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6 2 inches.) 


Fig.  34. — Vessel  No.  71.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


53 


Fig.  35.— Vessel  No.  130.  Glendora.  (Diam.  7.75  inches.) 


Fig.  36. — Vessel  No.  130.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


54 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  37. — Vessel  No.  13.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.9  inches.) 


Fig.  38. — Vessel  No.  13.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


55 


Fig.  39.  — Vessel  No.  307.  Glendora.  (Diam.  5.7  inches.) 


Fig.  40.— Vessel  No.  307.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


56 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  41. — Vessel  No.  111.  Glendora.  (Diam.  7 inches.) 


Fig.  42. — Vessel  No.  111.  Decoration.  ( About  half  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


57 


Fig.  43. — Vessel  No.  276.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.1  inches.) 


Fig.  44. — Vessel  No.  276.  Decoration.  ( About  half  size.) 


8 JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHIL  A.,  VOL  XIV. 


58 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  45. — Vessel  No.  273.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.5  inches.) 


Fig.  46. — Vessel  No.  273.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  47.— Vessel  No.  257.  Glendora.  (Diam  6 inches.) 


Fig.  48. — Vessel  No.  257.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


60 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  50. — Vessel  No.  142.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


61 


Fig.  51. — Vessel  No.  89.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.7  inches.) 


Fig.  52. — Vessel  No.  89.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


62 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  53. — Vessel  No.  153.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.2  inches.) 


Fig.  54. — Vessel  No.  153.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


63 


Vessel  No.  68.  A bowl  of  rather  porous,  yellow  ware,  having  over  the  entire 
exterior  a trailed  design  composed  mainly  of  a beautiful  form  of  the  swastika 
(Fig.  55). 

Vessel  No.  169.  A bowl  of  brown  ware.  The  scroll  decoration  shown  in  Fig. 
56  appears  three  times,  and  half  of  it  is  repeated  to  (ill  an  otherwise  unoccupied 
space.  These  scrolls  appear  in  spaces  formed  by  bands  vertically  placed.  The 
field,  in  two  instances,  is  cross-hatched ; in  the  other  two  it  is  made  up  of  diagonal 
lines. 

Vessel  No.  70.  This  vessel  of  yellow  ware  (Fig.  57),  with  flat  base,  shoulder, 
and  a low  upright  neck,  belongs  to  a type  fairly  common  in  the  Glendora  cemetery. 
The  decoration,  incised,  consists  principally  of  a stepped  design  (so  well  known  in 
ancient  south-western  United  States  and  in  Mexico)  six  times  shown,  upright  and 
inverted,  alternately. 

Vessel  No.  128.  This  vessel,  of  the  same  type  as  the  preceding  one,  has  a 
trailed  decoration,  possibly  representing  an  aboriginal  form  of  the  eye  (Fig.  58). 

Vessels  Nos.  2,  166,  220.  All  these  vessels  (Figs.  59,  60,  61)  belong  to  the 
same  type  as  the  two  vessels  just  described. 

Vessel  No.  186.  This  vessel  (Fig.  62),  slightly  asymmetrical,  has  a rude,  in- 
cised decoration  around  the  body  and  on  the  base,  shown  diagrammatically  in 
Fig.  63. 

Vessel  No.  256.  A pot  of  striking  appearance,  its  dark  ware,  of  excellent 
quality,  bearing  trailed  designs  made  up  principally  of  combinations  of  the  scroll, 
with  a field  of  punctate  markings,  on  the  upper  part  (Fig.  64).  There  is  soot  on  the 
body  of  the  vessel. 

Vessel  No.  183.  A pot  of  excellent,  black,  polished  ware,  having  on  two  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  neck  four  holes  for  suspension  (Fig.  65).  The  design,  in  the  in- 
cised lines  of  which  red  pigment  remains  in  places,  appears  four  times  and  is  con- 
fined to  the  neck. 

Vessel  No.  102.  This  vessel  of  dark  ware,  with  spheroidal  body,  flat  base, 
constricted  neck  slightly  flaring  at  the  rim,  has  a roughly  executed  trailed  design 
made  up  of  bands  of  diagonal,  parallel  lines,  the  lines  in  reverse  direction  in  alternate 
bands  (Fig.  66). 

Vessel  No.  251.  A pot  of  inferior,  brown  ware,  with  a flat  base  and  having- 
on  the  body  a trailed  decoration  consisting  largely  of  concentric  circles  and  parallel 
lines.  Around  the  neck  are  parallel,  encircling  lines,  also  trailed  (Fig.  67). 

Vessel  No.  114.  A cooking  vessel,  as  evidenced  by  the  soot  upon  it,  of  brown 
ware,  with  two  opposite  holes  for  suspension,  made  through  projections  originally 
solid.  The  design,  trailed  and  punctate,  consists  mainly  of  an  ordinary  scroll  com- 
bination (Fig.  68). 

Vessel  No.  96.  A short-necked  bottle  of  yellow  ware,  with  flat  base,  globular 
body,  and  constricted  neck  (Fig.  69),  has,  by  way  of  decoration,  partly  inter- 
locked scrolls  appearing  three  times  on  the  body;  on  the  neck  is  rude,  lined 
decoration. 


64 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  55. — Vessel  Xo.  68.  Glendora.  (Diam.  4.9  inches.) 


Fig.  56 — Vessel  Xo.  169.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.2  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


65 


Fig.  57. — Vessel  No.  70.  Glendora.  (Diain.  6.2  inches.) 


Fig.  58. — Vessel  No.  128.  Glendora.  ( Height  6. 8_inches.) 


9 JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


66 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  59. — Vessel  No.  2.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6.5  inches.) 


Fig.  60. — Vessel  No.  166.  Glendora.  (Height  4.1  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


67 


Fig.  61. — Vessel  No.  220.  Glendora.  (Height  4.1  inches.) 


Fig.  62. — Vessel  No.  186.  Glendora.  (Diam.  3.7  inches.) 


68 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  64. — Vessel  No.  256.  Glendora.  (Height  4.5  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


69 


Fig.  65. — Vessel  No.  183.  Glendora.  (Diam.  5.2  inches.) 


Fig.  66. — Vessel  No.  102.  Glendora.  (Height  5.4  inches.) 


TO 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  67. — Vessel  No.  251.  Glendora.  (Height  4.5  inches.) 


Fig.  68. — Vessel  No.  114.  Glendora.  (Diam.  5 inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


71 


Fig.  69. — Vessel  No.  26.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6 inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


72 


Fig.  70. — Vessel  No.  138.  Glendora.  (Diam.  6 inches.) 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.,  2ND  SER. , VOL.  XIV. 


PLATE  III 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

GLENDORA,  VESSEL  NO.  130.  ( height, 5.6  inches.) 


Cockayne,  Boston, 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


73 


Vessel  No.  138.  A bottle  of  coarse,  yellow-brown  ware,  with  flat  base  and 
having  as  decoration  on  the  body  a double  row  of  concentric  circles  connected  by 
parallel,  incised  lines,  vertically  and  laterally.  Around  the  neck  are  curious  hook- 
shaped figures  of  a kind  sometimes  found  on  Southern  pottery  (Fig.  70). 

Vessel  No.  130.  A pot  (Plate  III)  which  at  one  time  has  been  covered  with 
red  pigment  over  the  entire  exterior  and  the  inner  side  of  the  neck,  though  at 
present  the  coloring  material  is  decidedly  worn,  allowing  the  yellow  ware  to  show 
through  in  places.  The  decoration  consists  of  a design  made  up  in  the  main  of 
incised  circles  and  spirals.  There  are  four  holes  for  suspension  on  two  opposite 
sides  of  the  vessel. 


Fig.  71. — Vessel  No.  249.  Glendora.  (Height  8.4  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  249.  A bottle  of  light-brown  ware,  with  tripod  support,  a not  un- 
usual form  in  the  middle  Mississippi  region,  to  the  northward.  The  legs,  which 
are  hollow,  have  been  made  separately  from  the  body,  and  fitted  on  after  the  com- 
pletion of  the  remainder  of  the  vessel.  Several  small  holes  have  been  drilled 
through  the  vessel  at  each  of  the  points  of  union  with  the  legs  to  enable  the  latter 
to  serve  as  receptacles  for  liquid,  in  conjunction  with  the  body  of  the  bottle.  There 
is  a rude,  incised  and  punctate  decoration  (Fig.  71). 

10  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


74 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Vessel  No.  147.  A bottle  of  compound  form,  of  common,  porous  ware  (Fig. 
72),  representing  one  vessel  with  another  superimposed.  The  decoration,  rudely 
incised,  on  the  upper  part  consists  of  spirals  and  on  the  lower  part  is  made  up  of  a 
meander  partly  surrounding  disks,  perhaps  having  the  eye  for  motive. 

Vessel  No.  261.  A bottle  of  black,  polished  ware  (Fig.  73),  having  on  the  upper 
half  of  the  body  a decoration  consisting  of  a current  scroll  in  a cross-hatch  field  in 
which  are  small  disks;  and  below,  a design  which  can  be  better  understood  from 
examination  of  the  figure  than  from  verbal  explanation. 

Professor  Holmes,1  describing  a vessel  somewhat  similar  to  this  one  in  form, 
speaks  of  it  as  having  a “broad,  convex,  hood-like  collar  that  encircles  the  neck 
and  spreads  out  over  the  body  like  an  inverted  saucer.” 

Vessel  No.  22.  This  pot  (Plate  IV),  coated  inside  and  out  with  red  pigment 
of  superior  quality,  bears  in  addition  an  incised  decoration,  consisting  mainly  of 
meanders  and  disks.  There  are  four  holes  for  suspension  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
body  below  the  neck. 


Fig. 72. — Vessel  Xo.  147.  Glendora.  (Heights  inches.)  Fig.  73. — Vessel  Xo.  261.  Glendora.  (Height  8 inches.) 


1 Fourth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Am.  Ethn.,  p.  416,  Fig.  435. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.,  2ND  ScR.,  VOL.  XIV. 


PLATE  IV. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

GLENDORA,  VESSEL  NO.  22.  ( full  size.) 


Cockayne,  Boston. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


75 


Vessel  No.  181.  A vessel  of  dark  ware,  of  the  “ teapot”  variety,  which  seems 
to  be  peculiar  to  eastern  Arkansas  and  nearby  regions.  This  vessel,  3.1  inches  in 
height,  with  that  base,  one  of  two  found  by  us  in  the  Ouachita  valley  (the  other 
coming  from  the  Keno  Place,  near  Glendora),  has  a volute  decoration  of  trailed 
lines,  recalling  that  on  the  “teapot”  figured  by  Holmes1  as  coming  from  Arkansas. 

Vessel  No.  230.  A bottle  of  brown  ware,  5.5  inches  in  height,  with  an  incised 
decoration,  rather  faintly  executed,  made  up  of  a design  shown  herewith  in  diagram 
(Fig.  74),  which  continues  around  the  body  of  the  vessel. 


Fig.  74. — Vessel  No.  230.  Decoration.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 

Vessel  No.  250.  A bowl  of  porous,  yellow  ware,  8.4  inches  in  diameter, 
coated  on  the  inside  with  red  pigment,  which  extends  also  exteriorly  about  an  inch 
below  the  rim.  This  bowl  is  of  a type  found  in  abundance  along  the  Arkansas 
river. 


Fig.  75. — Vassel  No.  12.  Decoration.  ( About  one-third  size.) 

Vessel  No.  12.  A bottle,  5 inches  in  height,  of  coarse,  yellow  ware,  having  a 
slight  flattening  at  the  base  and  a swelling  at  the  neck.  The  decoration,  rudely 
executed,  is  here  reproduced  in  diagram  (Fig.  75). 

1 Twentieth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Am.  Ethn.,  PI.  XVIII  b. 


76 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Vessel  No.  312.  A bowl  of  inferior,  porous  ware,  3.4  inches  high,  almost 
entirely  covered  with  incised  decoration,  rudely  done,  consisting  principally  of 
forms  of  the  stepped  design,  shown  here  in  diagram  (Fig.  76). 


Fig.  76. — Vessel  No.  312.  Decoration.  (About  one-third  size.) 

Vessel  No.  83.  The  body  of  a bottle  of  irregularly  fired  ware,  with  flat  base. 
The  neck  is  missing.  The  decoration  consists  of  a five-pointed  star  made  up  of 
incised  lines  (Fig.  77). 


Fig.  77. — Vessel  No.  83.  Glendora.  (Diam.  5.4  inches.) 

Vessel  No.  314.  A human-effigy  bottle  (Fig.  78)  of  a type  commonly  found 
in  regions  to  the  northward  of  the  Ouachita  valley,  though  this  particular  vessel,  in 
ware  and  in  modeling,  is  far  inferior  to  most  of  those  from  the  middle  Mississippi 
region.  This  type  is  very  unusual  in  the  Ouachita  valley. 

Vessel  No.  289.  A bowl  of  inferior,  yellow  ware,  found  in  fragments.  On 
opposite  sides  of  the  vessel  had  been  two  grotesque,  seated  figures,  one  of  which 
was  missing,  though  the  portion  of  the  bowl  on  which  it  had  been  was  recovered. 
The  remaining  effigy  is  shown  in  Fig.  79. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


77 


Fig.  78. — Vessel  No.  314.  Glendora.  (Height  5.7  inches.) 


Fig.  79. — Vessel  No.  289.  Glendora.  (Full  size.) 


78 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  80.— Vessel  No.  184.  Glendora.  (Height  5.6  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


79 


Vessel  No.  184.  A wide-necked  bottle  of  brown  ware,  with  flattened  base, 
having  on  the  body  a most  evenly-spaced  and  beautifully  executed,  trailed  design, 
four  times  shown,  consisting  mainly  of  a double  series  of  volutes  (Fig.  80). 


Fig.  81. — Vessel  No.  296.  Glendora.  (Height  5.75  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  296.  A bottle  of  excellent,  black  ware,  unique  in  form,  with  four 
projecting  lobes,  one  at  each  corner  of  the  base,  and  having  a beautifully  executed, 
trailed  decoration  consisting  largely  of  combinations  of  the  scroll  (Fig.  81).  This 
bottle  is  one  of  the  most  striking  of  the  vessels  from  Glendora,  a place  long  to  be 
remembered  for  the  excellence  and  artistic  beauty  of  its  better  class  of  pottery. 


80 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Vessels  Nos.  219  and  136.  These  beautiful  bowls,  shown  on  Plate  V,  covered 
inside  and  out  with  polished,  red  pigment  of  an  excellence  unknown  to  regions  lying 
northward,  though  the  use  of  pigment  was  so  extensive  there,  show  no  deterioration 
through  lapse  of  time.  The  decoration  on  both,  incised,  is  a combination  of  the 


scroll,  on  a cross-hatch  field  in  the  case  of  the  smaller  bowl,  and  in  a field  of 
diagonal  lines  on  the  larger  vessel.  Traces  of  white  pigment  are  evident  in  the 
incised  lines  of  the  smaller  vessel.  A diagram  bearing  the  decoration  on  the  larger 
bowl  (Vessel  No.  136)  is  shown  in  Fig.  82.  The  decoration  on  the  smaller  bowl 
closely  resembles  designs  already  shown  as  coming  from  Glendora  cemetery. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT,  SCI.  PHILAD.,  2ND  SER.,  VOL.  XIV. 


PLATE  V. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

GLENDORA,  VESSELS  NOS.  219  and  136.  (full  size.) 


Cockayne,  Boston, 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


81 


Mound  near  Lock  Number  Six,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

Entering  the  swamp  (in  low  stages  of  the  river)  about  one-quarter  mile  above 
Lock  Number  Six,  on  the  right-hand  bank  going  up  stream,  and  keeping  a northerly 
course  through  the  woods  for  about  one  mile  in  a straight  line,  one  reaches,  if  aided 
by  a skillful  guide,  a mound  on  a low  ridge  on  which  are  pine  trees. 

The  mound,  of  sand,  attains  a height  of  10  feet  3 inches  above  the  general  level 
and  is  93  feet  across  its  circular  base.  The  summit-plateau,  also  circular,  has  a 
diameter  of  33  feet.  This  mound,  which  has  every  appearance  of  belonging  to  the 
domiciliary  class,  was  considerably  dug  into  by  us,  but  not  demolished.  Three 
burials,  much  decayed,  were  found  near  the  surface. 

Trial-holes  in  the  level  ground  near  by  failed  to  disclose  burials. 

About  200  yards  in  an  easterly  direction  from  the  mound  is  a circular  rise  in 
the  ground,  in  which  eight  trial-holes  yielded  nothing. 

Mounds  near  Green  Lake,  Bradley  County,  Ark. 

Green  Lake,  a former  course  of  the  Ouachita  river,  makes  in  from  that  river 
from  the  right-hand  side  going  up,  about  six  miles  by  water  below  Caryville. 

About  one  mile  from  the  landing,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  lake,  is  the  property 
of  Dr.  B.  H.  Green,  of  Warren,  Ark.,  which,  though  long  under  cultivation  in  the 
past,  was  fallow  at  the  time  of  our  visit. 

On  this  property  is  a group  of  eight  mounds,  all  of  sand,  of  which  the  southern- 
most mound  is  the  only  one  of  considerable  size  and  which  alone  retains  its  original 
form. 

This  mound,  which  has  never  been  under  cultivation,  is  19  feet  in  height, 
measured  from  the  southern  side.  It  is  practically  square,  with  a basal  diameter 
of  about  ICO  feet.  The  summit-plateau,  which  is  level,  is  also  square,  with  a 
diameter  of  80  feet.  It  was  fairly  riddled  with  trial-holes  by  us  in  an  unsuccessful 
endeavor  to  discover  a cemetery.  . 

The  remaining  mounds  also  were  dug  into  without  success,  except  the  dis- 
covery in  one  of  two  badly  decayed  human  skulls  lying  together  near  the  surface. 

It  is  likely  that  these  mounds,  and  the  level  ground,  which  also  we  investigated 
in  places,  have  in  the  past  yielded  what  aboriginal  relics  they  possessed,  during 
the  long-continued  cultivation  to  which  they  have  been  subjected,  though  there 
seems  to  be  no  history  of  the  discovery  of  artifacts  on  this  property  in  compara- 
tively recent  time. 

On  the  surface  there  were  few  signs  of  occupancy  by  aborigines.  Here  and 
there  was  a fragment  of  chert,  and  a small  “ celt,”  roughened  at  one  end  for  hafting, 
was  picked  up  by  us. 

Cemetery  at  Caryville  Landing,  Union  County,  Ark. 

The  aboriginal  cemetery  at  Caryville  Landing  is  well  known,  word  of  it  having 
reached  us  far  down  the  river.  Unfortunately  its  reputation  is  based  mainly  on 
the  past,  the  cemetery  having  been  situated  on  ground  which  has  been  gradually 

11  JOURX.  A.  X.  s.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


82 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


eaten  away  by  the  river  in  recent  years,  according  to  the  Messrs.  Poole  Brothers, 
owners  of  the  plantation,  and  resident  there.  During  the  process  of  destruction, 
according  to  these  gentlemen,  many  human  bones,  some  associated  with  vessels  of 
earthenware,  have  been  laid  bare. 

A number  of  holes  were  sunk  by  us  in  a small  area  on  the  river  bank,  having 
a deep  gully  behind  it,  this  area  being  apparently  all  that  remained  of  the  original 
cemetery. 

Human  bones  were  found  in  three  places — two  skeletons  at  length  on  the  back, 
and  a few  fragments  of  bone,  all  in  the  last  stage  of  decay.  With  the  last  burial 
was  a pot  of  moderate  size,  of  porous,  inferior  ware,  with  a rude  decoration  of 
straight  lines  and  punctate  markings. 

In  an  adjacent  field  were  two  small  dwelling-sites  in  which  a number  of  trial- 
holes  were  dug  by  us,  in  addition  to  a number  in  other  parts  of  the  field,  all,  how- 
ever, being  of  no  avail. 

Mounds  near  Pigeon  Hill,  Union  County,  Ark. 

Pigeon  Hill,  a settlement  on  land  not  subject  to  overflow,  has,  behind  it,  in 
woods  belonging  to  Mr.  W.  II.  Harry,  then  living  on  the  place  but  now  a resident 
of  Texarkana,  Texas,  a great  number  of  low  mounds,  some  circular  in  basal  outline, 
some  irregular. 

A number  of  these  mounds  were  dug  into  by  us  and  were  found  to  be  of  clayey 
sand  of  a raw  yellow  color,  without  admixture  of  organic  matter.  No  bones  or 
artifacts  were  encountered.  The  mounds,  presumably,  were  sites  for  wigwams, 
intended  to  protect  them  against  inflow  of  rain  which  is  likely  to  gather  in  pools 
on  the  ground. 

Cemetery  in  Boytt’s  Field,  Union  County,  Ark. 

Boytt’s  Field,  the  property  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Harry,  whose  place  we  have  just 
described,  is  on  the  river  bank  about  one  mile  in  a W.  by  N.  direction  from  Pigeon 
Hill. 

The  field,  almost  exclusively  of  sand  (in  which  one  is  so  much  less  likelv  to 
break  artifacts  and  bones  in  digging  than  is  the  case  in  clay),  is,  we  are  informed 
by  Mr.  Harry,  fifty  acres  in  extent  and  is  fractional  NW.  quarter.  Section  32, 
Township  16  south.  Range  12  west. 

In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  field  are  the  remains  of  a mound  much  spread 
by  cultivation,  in  which  no  bones  or  artifacts  were  discovered  by  us. 

Members  of  Mr.  Harry’s  family,  however,  with  considerable  shrewdness  for 
persons  inexperienced  in  investigations  of  the  sort,  had  dug  shortly  before  our 
arrival,  into  the  level  ground  about  forty  yards  E.  by  S.  from  the  mound,  where 
the  soil  looked  darker  than  elsewhere  in  the  field,  and  had  found  there  three  skele- 
tons in  fairly  srood  condition. 

Three  days  and  a half  were  devoted  by  us  to  a careful  investigation  of  Boytt’s 
Field,  resulting  in  the  discovery  of  burials  here  and  there,  within  an  area  of  about 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


S3 


20  by  25  yards,  where  the  skeletons  had  been  found  before  our  coining.  Burials 
also  were  met  with  between  the  mound  and  this  area,  as  well  as  a short  distance 
farther  east.  In  addition,  several  burials  were  encountered  in  a few  very  restricted 
areas  near  together,  almost  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  field. 

The  burials  lay  (with  the  exception  of  those  in  a pit  to  which  we  shall  refer 
later)  none  deeper  than  32  inches  and  some  at  a depth  considerably  less  than  that ; 
but  none  was  immediately  below  the  surface,  and  there  was  no  evidence  that  the 
plow  had  been  in  contact  with  any  burial. 

Boytt’s  Field  is  on  comparatively  high  ground,  which  is  seldom  submerged, 
and  the  part  of  the  field  in  which  the  burials  were  encountered  is  higher  than  most 
parts  of  the  remainder  of  the  field. 

Fifty-five  burials  were  discovered  by  us,  not  taking  into  account  a considerable 
number  of  human  bones  which  had  been  widely  scattered  by  the  aborigines  in  dig- 
ging successive  graves.  It  was  impossible  for  us  to  determine  how  many  individuals 
were  represented  by  these  disturbed  bones,  but  probably  eight  or  ten  would  be  a 
fair  estimate.  When  parts  of  a skeleton  had  been  disturbed,  but  all  the  bones  had 
not  been  scattered,  the  burial  is  described  as  an  aboriginal  disturbance. 

The  forms  of  burial  were  as  follows : 

At  full  length  on  the  back,1  .........  45 

Lying  partly  Hexed  on  the  right  side,  .......  2 

Lying  partly  flexed  on  the  left  side,2  .......  3 

Aboriginal  disturbances,  .........  5 

The  pit  to  which  reference  has  been  made  was  4 feet  deep  and  extended  2 feet 
below  the  dark  surface  soil.  The  maximum  diameter  of  the  pit  was  3.5  feet,  so 
near  as  we  could  determine.  Three  skeletons  had  been  disturbed  in  its  making. 

Throughout  the  pit,  here  and  there,  were  fragments  of  musselshells,  some 
bearing  traces  of  fire;  charcoal;  vertebra?  and  fragments  of  larger  human  bones, 
which  showed  no  marks  of  fire.  In  addition,  throughout  the  pit  were  scattered 
fragments  of  human  bones,  some  calcined  and  some  only  charred.  These  fragments 
were  distinctly  not  a deposit  such  as  one  sometimes  finds  forming  a layer  of  cal- 
cined bones  when  cremation  has  been  practised  as  a form  of  aboriginal  burial. 

The  condition  of  the  bones  found  in  Boytt’s  Field  varied  greatly.  In  one 
locality  but  few  were  saved  ; in  other  places  the  condition  of  the  bones  was  better. 

There  was  no  orientation  as  to  the  heads  of  the  skeletons. 

Burial  No.  36,  an  adult,  lying  at  full  length  on  the  back,  had  the  skull  turned 
from  the  skeleton,  in  a way  to  show  detachment  at  the  time  of  interment.  In 
addition,  the  mandible  was  missing. 

A number  of  skulls  and  many  other  bones  of  the  skeletons  from  this  cemetery 
were  sent  to  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

With  the  exception  of  earthenware  vessels,  but  few  artifacts  were  discovered 
in  the  Boytt’s  Field  Cemetery,  and  curiously  enough,  no  objects  of  any  sort  lay 
with  burials  of  children. 

1 In  two  cases  the  forearms  were  bent  against  the  upper  arms. 

2 In  one  instance  the  left  arm  was  raised,  with  the  forearm  across  the  top  of  the  head. 


84 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Another  exceptional  feature  is  the  fact  that  in  one  area  excavated  by  us,  in 
which  sixteen  burials  were  found,  no  object  of  any  kind  was  present  with  the  dead, 
though  earthenware  vessels  lay  with  burials  in  another  area  not  far  distant. 

Plentiful  throughout  the  sand  were  pebbles  of  sizes  suitable  for  use  as  hammer- 
stones  and  pebble-hammers,  though  none  had  been  so  used,  as  far  as  appearance 
indicated. 

Eight  pebbles,  averaging  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  were  found  in  the  body 
of  a water-bottle  without  a neck,  which  lay  with  a burial. 

One  small  arrowhead  of  quartz  was  near  a skeleton,  and  eight  others  of  chert, 
all  barbed  and  beautifully  wrought,  the  smallest  but  .8  of  an  inch  in  length,  were 
found  scattered  in  the  sand,  apart  from  human  remains.  There  was  found  also 
the  scale  of  an  alligator-gar.  Scales  of  this  fish,  according  to  Du  Pratz,  were  used 
as  arrowpoints  in  the  Mississippi  region. 

Two  tubular  beads  of  shell,  each  about  .5  of  an  inch  in  length,  lay  at  the  neck 
of  a skeleton. 

A “celt”  about  3 inches  in  length,  of  a rather  soft  stone,  found  apart  from 
human  remains,  was  given  by  us  to  Mr.  Harry,  the  owner  of  the  cemetery. 

Lying  beside  an  earthenware  vessel  which  was  with  a burial  (as  were  all  the 
vessels  found  by  us  in  this  cemetery),  closely  associated,  were:  a pebble;  a frag- 
ment of  red  oxide  of  iron;  part  of  a tine  of  deer-antler  about  1.5  inch  in  length, 
cut  squarely  across  at  the  proximal  end. 

Singly,  apart  from  human  bones,  were  : a disk  of  earthenware  about  2 inches 
in  diameter,  not  cut  from  a fragment  of  a vessel,  but  coarsely  made  by  modeling 
and  firing;  part  of  an  undecorated  tobacco-pipe  of  earthenware;  a fragment  of  an 
earthenware  vessel,  roughly  rounded  and  perforated  at  the  center,  the  hole  being 
made  in  an  aboriginal  way,  namely,  countersunk  on  both  sides;  two  well-made, 
perforating  implements  of  bone,  each  having  the  articular  part  remaining ; a bone 
of  a raccoon  ; the  incisor  of  a beaver,  an  animal  still  found  in  this  part  of  Arkansas  ; 
bones  kindly  identified  by  Prof.  F.  A.  Lucas  as  belonging  to  the  Indian  dog,  and 
to  a large  specimen  of  the  Virginia  deer ; and  numerous  fragments  of  carapaces  prob- 
ably belonging  to  the  tortoise. 

Twenty-four  vessels  of  earthenware  lay  with  the  burials,  singly,  sometimes  a 
pair,  and  in  one  instance  three  with  a single  burial. 

These  vessels  were  invariably  near  the  head,  usually  alongside  the  skull  and 
never  farther  from  it  than  the  shoulder  or  upper  arm. 

Several  bowls  were  inverted  and  one  lay  on  its  side.  Over  one  vessel  was 
turned  a fragment  consisting  of  the  base  of  a larger  vessel.  In  some  of  the  vessels 
were  musselshells  which  doubtless  had  been  used  as  spoons. 

With  one  or  two  exceptions,  the  earthenware  from  Boytt’s  Field  is  shell- 
tempered,  and  some  of  it  is  of  excellent  quality.  Although  in  some  cases  red  pig- 
ment appears  in  the  lines  of  incised  decoration,  no  coating  of  color  is  present  on 
vessels  from  this  place,  though  a small  fragment  of  pottery  picked  up  in  the  field 
has  brick-red  pigment  of  excellent  quality  on  each  side.  In  form,  the  pot,  the 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


85 


bowl,  and  the  bottle  are  represented — several  of  the  bottles  departing  somewhat 
from  the  usual  globular  form  of  the  body.  The  life-form  is  present  in  one  instance. 

The  more  noteworthy  vessels  from  the  cemetery  in  Boytt’s  Field  will  now  be 
described  in  detail. 


Fig.  83. — Vessel  No.  1.  Boytt’s  Field.  (Height  8.75  inches.) 

Vessel  No.  20.  A small  water-bottle  of  coarse  ware,  without  shell-tempering, 
having  a rude,  incised  decoration  representing  interlocked  scrolls,  on  part  of  which 
appear  markings  perhaps  representing  crests  of  the  winged  serpent. 

Vessel  No.  1.  A bottle  of  compound  form  (a  type  in  vogue  among  the  aborig- 
ines who  used  the  cemetery  at  this  place),  having  a carelessly  executed  scroll  design 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  body  (Fig.  83). 


86 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Vessel  No.  9.  A bottle,  also  of  compound  form,  bearing  a roughly  executed 
decoration  of  cross-hatched  lines  (Fig.  84). 

Vessel  No.  15.  A bottle  of  dark  ware,  in  shape  tending  toward  the  compound, 
bears  on  the  upper  part  a faintly  executed,  incised  decoration  (Fig.  85). 

Vessel  No.  2.  A bottle  of  dark  ware  (Fig.  86),  with  a well-made,  trailed 
decoration  composed  of  five  series  of  parallel,  curved  lines  forming  a star-like  figure, 
below  which  is  an  equal  number  of  series  of  festooned,  parallel  lines. 


Fig.  84. — Vessel  No.  9.  Boytt’s  Field.  (Height  8.7  inches.)  Fig.  85.— Vessel  No.  15.  Boytt’s  Field.  (Height  7.7  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  6.  A bottle  of  hard,  black  ware  (Fig.  87),  with  an  incised,  geo- 
metrical design  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  body,  forming  a pleasant  exception  to 
the  scroll  so  often  found  on  the  pottery  of  the  Ouachita  valley. 

Vessel  No.  10.  A pot  of  brown  ware,  with  spherical  body,  a short,  upright 
neck,  and  flaring  rim.  The  maximum  diameter  is  5.2  inches.  The  incised  decora- 
tion, twice  shown  on  the  vessel,  is  illustrated  in  diagram  in  Fig.  88. 

Vessel  No.  8.  A bottle  from  which  the  neck  is  missing,  bearing  a decoration 
(Diagram  Fig.  89)  appearing  three  times,  consisting  mainly  of  a spiral  on  which  are 
attributes  of  the  winged  serpent.  Above  are  disks,  probably  sun-symbols,  some- 
what impaired  as  to  outline  through  exigency  of  space. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


87 


Fig.  86. — Vessel  No.  2.  Boytt’s  Field.  (Height  6.8  inches.) 


Fig.  87. — Vessel  No.  6.  Boytt’s  Field.  (Height  9.5  inches.) 


88 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  88. — Vessel  No.  10.  Decoration.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


Fig.  89.— Vessel  No.  8.  Decoration.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


89 


Vessel  No.  13.  A life-form  (Fig.  90)  resembling  to  a certain  extent  one  found 
in  the  cemetery  at  Myatt’s  Landing,  farther  down  the  Ouachita  river.  Both  ves- 
sels, as  we  have  explained  in  onr  account  of  that  cemetery,  have  knobs  in  place  of 
modeled  heads  of  birds.  In  this  vessel,  however,  extended  wings  are  shown,  and 
there  is  cross-hatch  decoration  on  wings  and  tail  on  the  upper  and  lower  sides. 


Fig.  90. — Vessel  No.  13.  Boytt’s  Field.  (Length  9 inches.) 


Mounds  near  Purdue  Wood-camp,  Calhoun  County,  Ark. 

In  woods  said  to  be  on  land  belonging  to  the  State,  about  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  in  a NNE.  direction  from  Purdue  Wood-camp,  is  a quadrangular  mound  about 
9 feet  high  with  basal  diameters  of  80  feet  and  67  feet.  The  summit-plateau  is  30 
feet  by  24  feet.  This  mound,  evidently  domiciliary,  is  partly  surrounded  by  nine 
other  mounds,  all  low  and  irregular. 

Considerable  digging  in  the  mounds  and  in  neighboring  level  ground,  yielded 
neither  bone  nor  artifact,  and  showed  the  soil  to  be  a mixture  of  sand  and  clay,  of 
a raw  yellow  color,  with  no  trace  of  organic  matter. 


12  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


90 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

Cemetery  at  Bell  Gin  Landing,  Union  County,  Ark. 

Extending  back  from  Bell  Gin  Landing  is  a ridge  of  high  ground,  flat  on  the 
summit,  lying  between  swamp  land  which  is  dry  in  low  stages  of  the  river.  This 
high  ground,  long  under  cultivation  in  the  past,  was  fallow  when  visited  by 
us.  The  owner,  Mr.  J.  S.  Staples,  resides  about  one  mile  distant,  at  the  town  of 
Champagnolle. 

Considerable  digging  in  this  territory  showed  rich  soil  in  places,  evidently 
darkened  by  aboriginal  occupancy.  Three  burials  were  unearthed — (me  partly 
flexed  on  the  left  side,  one  at  full  length  on  the  back,  one  a disturbance,  near 
together  and  all  without  artifact  of  any  kind. 

Apart  from  human  bones,  in  the  soil,  were  a small  “celt”  smoothed  only 
toward  the  cutting  edge,  the  remainder  left  rough  for  hafting,  and  two  implements 
of  bone. 

Mounds  near  Hill  Landing,  Union  County,  Ark. 

Near  Hill  Landing,  on  property  of  Mr.  N.  T.  Goodwin  of  Calion,  Ark.,  are 
various  low  mounds  of  irregular  shape,  probably  domiciliary. 

About  one-quarter  mile  WNW.  from  the  landing  is  a field,  probably  about 
twelve  acres  in  extent,  having  at  its  northern  and  its  southern  ends  two  small 
mounds,  that  at  the  northern  end  being  partly  within  the  field,  while  the  other 
mound  is  immediately  outside  the  fence.  These  mounds,  which  had  been  much 
trampled  by  stock,  were  dug  into  by  us  without  result,  the  soil  having  a raw  yellow 
shade.  The  field  evidently  had  been  an  aboriginal  place  of  abode,  as  there  lay 
scattered  around:  bits  of  pottery;  fragments  of  chert;  part  of  a quartz  crystal, 
somewhat  broken,  grooved  for  use  as  a pendant;  two  small  “celts,”  seemingly  of 
sedimentary  rock ; one  chipped  cutting  implement  of  chert;  four  small  masses  of 
magnetite,  one  of  which  shows  considerable  grinding  down  at  one  end;  a number 
of  small  arrowheads,  some  of  chert,  some  of  chalcedony,  one  very  neatly  made, 
only  .4  of  inch  in  length. 

To  our  disappointment  considerable  digging  in  this  field  yielded  no  sign  of 
burial,  and  it  became  evident  that  the  dark  soil  showing  former  occupancy  was  of 
little  depth  in  places,  while  in  others  it  had  entirely  disappeared.  The  field,  on  a 
slope,  probably  had  lost  by  long  cultivation  and  wash  of  rain,  the  cemetery  that 
presumably  once  was  there. 

Mounds  at  tiie  Boone  Place,  Calhoun  County,  Ark. 

At  the  Boone  Place,  which  has  a landing  that  takes  its  name  from  the  place, 
is  a mound  with  an  exposed  section  on  the  river's  bank,  a part  having  been  eaten 
away  by  the  stream. 

A photograph  of  this  mound,  shown  in  half-tone  reproduction  in  Fig.  91,  illus- 
trates a point  to  which  we  have  before  referred,  namely,  the  inability  to  give  any 
idea  of  the  height  of  a mound  by  the  aid  of  photography,  this  mound  being  12.5 
feet  above  the  surrounding  level  ground. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


91 


The  picture  shows  the  base  line,  which  was  the  original  surface,  running 
through  the  mound.  The  base-line  can  be  seen  at  the  extreme  right  of  the  picture, 
extending  below  the  level  ground. 

The  mound  in  question,  with  five  others,  all  domiciliary  in  appearance,  having 
broad,  flat  tops,  forms  an  irregular  circle  or  an  ellipse. 

Many  trial-holes  were  sunk  by  us  into  the  mound  on  the  river  bank  without 
success.  The  other  mounds,  however,  were  not  dug  into,  their  owner  depending 
on  them  as  places  of  refuge  for  his  stock  in  periods  of  high  water,  and  fearing  that 
any  digging  might  loosen  them  in  a way  to  make  them  less  likely  to  resist  the 
inroads  of  the  river. 


Fig.  91. — Mound.  Boone  Place. 


The  low-lying  ground  surrounding  the  mounds,  dry  swamp  at  the  time  of  our 
visit,  but  often  submerged,  was  inspected  by  us  and  was  dug  into  to  a limited 
extent.  But  as  the  soil  seemed  to  be  late  river  deposit,  and  in  addition  was  covered 
thickly  with  dead  leaves,  we  were  unable  to  find  any  indication  of  aboriginal  burial, 
and  the  idea  of  digging  at  random  over  so  considerable  an  area  was  not  entertained. 

Mounds  on  the  Keller  Place,  Caliioun  County,  Ark. 

About  300  yards  N.  by  E.  from  Keller  Place  Landing,  in  woods  but  in  sight 
from  the  road,  is  a mound  (A)  which  has  been  quadrangular.  Its  height  is  13 
feet.  The  diameters  of  base  are  131  feet  and  143  feet;  and  of  the  summit-plateau, 
02  feet  and  72  feet. 


92 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


As  this  mound  evidently  was  domiciliary,  digging  into  it  was  confined  to  the 
summit-plateau,  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  discover  a cemetery  there. 

In  woods,  about  175  yards  N.  by  W.  from  Mound  A,  was  a very  symmetrical 
mound  (B)  with  circular  base  having  a diameter  of  52  feet.  The  summit,  also  cir- 
cular, was  19  feet  in  diameter. 

The  height  of  this  mound,  taken  from  the  level  of  surrounding  territory, 
slightly  exceeded  7 feet.  Later,  a measurement  from  about  the  middle  of  the 
summit  to  what  seemed  to  be  undisturbed  sand  at  the  base  of  the  mound,  showed  a 
depth  of  9.5  feet.  Presumably  there  had  been  a superficial  deposit  of  mold  and  of 
sand  on  the  area  surrounding  the  mound,  thus  diminishing  the  height. 

This  mound  was  completely  dug  away  by  us  to  a depth  slightly  less  than  10 
feet  from  its  top,  except  a very  limited  portion  around  a tree  at  the  margin  of 
the  mound,  which  was  left  standing. 

The  mound,  in  which  trial-holes  came  at  once  upon  human  remains,  was 
composed  mainly  of  sand  containing  an  admixture  of  clay — a small  proportion 
in  the  upper  part.  In  the  lower  central  part,  however,  the  percentage  of  clay 
increased  until  toward  the  base  of  the  mound  the  material  was  almost  wholly 
clay. 

Human  remains  were  encountered  throughout  the  mound,  beginning  almost  at 
the  margin,  at  various  depths,  from  well  up  toward  the  summit  to  the  base  and 
even  below  it. 

Skeletal  remains  in  this  mound  were  so  badly  decayed  that  even  in  the  burials 
best  preserved  only  crumbling  fragments  of  the  larger  bones  or  of  teeth  remained. 
Not  a trace  of  vertebra,  small  bone,  or  rib  (with  a single  exception  to  be  noted 
later),  or  of  the  articular  parts  of  any  bones  was  encountered  throughout  the  entire 
mound.  Most  frequently  skulls  represented  by  decaying  fragments  of  bone  or  by 
remains  of  teeth,  were  all  that  remained  of  the  burials. 

Fifty-two  skulls  or  traces  of  skulls  were  met  with  in  the  mound,  but  as  it  was 
customary  in  this  region  to  bury  earthenware  vessels  near  the  skull,  and  as  a num- 
ber of  vessels  were  found  apart  from  human  remains,  presumably  some  skulls  had 
entirely  disappeared,  and  hence  the  original  number  of  burials  had  been  in  excess 
of  the  number  of  skulls  given  in  our  enumeration. 

A small  deposit  of  fragments  of  bones,  all  split,  none  human,  lay  at  a con- 
siderable depth  in  the  mound. 

Other  than  earthenware  vessels,  few  artifacts  were  encountered.  A barbed 
arrowhead  and  an  arrowhead  or  knife,  both  of  chert,  came  from  the  mound,  as  did 
a disk,  wrought  from  the  base  of  an  earthenware  vessel,  3 inches  in  diameter,  with 
a central  perforation. 

There  were  found  also  a chisel  wrought  from  a chert  pebble,  about  6 inches  in 
length,  having  part  of  the  side  and  edge  broken  away,  and  two  chisels  together, 
one  about  3 inches  in  length,  the  other  somewhat  less,  each  made  from  a pebble  of 
chert  and  having  a well  ground,  convex,  cutting  edge. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


93 


Among  the  roots  of  a tree  growing  from  the  mound,  which  were  being  cut  for 
removal,  was  a pipe  of  earthenware  of  interesting  form,  the  bowl  of  which  received 
a blow  from  an  axe,  but  since  has  been  cemented  together.  The  part  ol  the  pipe 
on  which  the  bowl  rests  is  square  in  section  where  the  stem  is  intended  to  enter, 
and  tapers  to  a blunt  point  at  the  other  end.  The  decoration  consists  of  notches 
on  the  four  edges  of  this  elongated  pyramid;  incised,  encircling  lines  at  both  ends; 
and  on  two  opposite  sides  below  the  bowl,  rude  circles  in  low  relief  on  an  excised 
field — seven  circles  on  one  side  and  nine  on  the  other  (Fig.  92). 


Fig.  92. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Keller  Place.  (Full  size.)  Fig.  93. — Copper-coated  ornament  of  wood. 

Keller  Place.  (Full  size.) 


Near  the  central  part  of  the  base  of  the  mound  lay  Burial  No.  58,  consisting 
of  fragments  of  teeth  and  a small,  Hat  remnant  of  bone,  probably  part  of  a rib. 
This  fragment  had  been  preserved  by  the  sheet-copper  covering  of  a hollow  wooden 
ornament  that  lay  upon  it  at  such  a distance  below  the  teeth  as  to  indicate  that  its 
position  had  been  on  the  chest  of  the  deceased  (Fig.  93).  This  ornament  was 
made  in  two  parts  and  hollowed  out  to  contain  pebbles  (which  were  present  in  it)  to 
rattle  when  the  object  was  in  motion.  The  shape  of  the  object  when  entire  is  that 
of  the  canine  tooth  of  a large  carnivore,  which,  doubtless,  it  was  intended  to  repre- 
sent. There  is  a hole  for  suspension  at  one  end. 

In  a stone-grave  on  a bluff  of  the  Big  Harpeth  river,  Tenn.,  were  found  by  the 
late  Mr.  Edwin  Curtis,  while  conducting  explorations  under  the  direction  of  Prof. 
F.  W.  Putnam,  two  ornaments  almost  exactly  similar  to  the  one  in  question. 
These  ornaments  have  been  figured  and  minutely  described  by  Professor  Putnam,1 
who  believes  them  to  have  been  ear-ornaments. 


1 Reports  Peabody  Museum,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  112  et  seq. 


94 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fifty-two  vessels  of  earthenware,  nearly  all  of  which  were  badly  crushed, 
were  taken  from  this  mound.  These  vessels  were  found  near  crania  or  else  apart 
from  bones — sing’ly,  in  pairs,  and  in  one  case  three  together. 

The  ware,  without  shell-tempering,  save  in  the  case  of  a single  sherd,  is  inferior 
in  quality ; the  decoration  is  commonplace  as  a rule  and  the  patterns  lack  originality. 

Certain  of  the  vessels  from  this  mound  are 
described  in  detail. 

Vessel  No.  3.  A bottle  of  compound  form 
(Fig.  94),  of  inferior  ware,  rudely  modeled.  In- 
cised line  decoration  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body 
has  been  attempted,  but  abandoned  almost  imme- 
diately after  inception. 

Vessel  No.  33.  A pot  3 inches  in  diameter, 
of  brown  ware,  having  a Hat  base  and  a short 
upright  neck  from  which  extends  horizontally  a 
scalloped  margin.  The  interest  in  this  little  ves- 
sel is  centered  in  its  decoration,  which  four  times 
shows  (Diagram  Fig.  95)  a symbol,  the  significance 
of  which  is  in  doubt.  This  symbol,  a familiar  one 
on  pottery  from  parts  of  Alabama  and  on  stone  and 
on  pottery  from  Arkansas,  appears  on  this  vessel 
in  two  instances  with  the  poles  of  the  elliptical  fig- 
ure vertical  and  the  interior  portion  horizontal — 
the  manner  in  which  the  symbol  usually  is  repre- 
sented. In  two  cases,  however,  the  position  of  the 
poles  and  that  of  the  interior  parts  are  reversed. 
Vessel  No.  5.  A pot  of  dark  ware  (Fig.  96),  with  fiat  base  and  slightly  Har- 
ing neck.  Around  the  rim  are  imprints  showing  short,  parallel  lines.  Five  verti- 
cal rows,  each  consisting  of  six  protuberances,  divide  the  upper  part  of  the  exterior 


Fig.  95. — Vessel  No.  33.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


of  the  body  into  five  equal  parts,  which  are  filled  with  decoration  of  oblique, 
parallel  lines  conferred  with  a tool,  though  the  effect  is  similar  to  cord-marking. 

Vessel  No.  40.  This  bottle,  of  dark,  inferior  ware,  (Fig.  97),  is  without  decora- 
tion and  is  shown  on  account  of  its  rather  graceful  form. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


95 


Fig.  96. — Vessel  No.  5.  Keller  Place.  (Diam.  4.9  inches.) 


96 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Vessels  Nos.  30,  49,  and  43.  Three  bowls,  in  diameter,  respectively,  7.5 
inches,  5.6  inches,  4.7  inches.  Each  bowl,  inside  and  out,  is  coated  with  red  pig- 
ment, and  each  has  a number  of  incised,  parallel,  encircling  lines  below  the  rim — 
these  lines,  in  the  case  of  Vessel  No.  49,  the  one  of  medium  size,  being  interrupted 
on  two  opposite  sides  by  series  of  five  incised,  festooned  lines  extending  below  rudi- 
mentary handles,  on  the  top  of  each  of  which  are  two  straight,  impressed  markings, 
each  about  .5  inch  in  length. 

Vessel  No.  25.  A bottle  of  yellow  ware  (Plate  VI),  dark  in  places  through 
uneven  firing,  with  a coating  of  red  pigment,  in  part  worn  away.  The  vessel  has 
a globular  body,  and  a neck  distinguished  by  an  unusual  feature  on  long-necked 
bottles  such  as  this  one  is,  namely,  an  endeavor  to  represent  an  animal  head  at  the 
opening.  This  head,  a very  crude  endeavor,  has  ears,  mouth,  and  nostrils ; the 
eyes  are  wanting.  The  decoration  of  the  body,  incised  in  an  irregular  way,  con- 
sists of  hour-glass-shaped  figures  made  up  of  series  of  lines,  four  times  shown. 

Across  the  road  from  Mound  A and  in  full  view  from  it,  is  a circular  elevation 
(Mound  C)  about  40  feet  in  diameter  and  from  2 to  3 feet  in  height,  which  was 
practically  dug  down  by  us. 

Five  burials  were  encountered,  all  badly  decayed,  some  represented  only  by 
fragments  of  the  skull.  Three  were  of  children  ; one,  of  a child  or  of  an  adolescent ; 
one  of  an  adolescent  whose  wisdom  teeth  had  not  yet  erupted. 

The  form  of  burial  where  the  skeleton  was  sufficiently  complete  to  indicate  it, 
was  at  full  length  on  the  back. 

A neatly-made  arrowhead  of  chert  lay  apart  from  burials  in  this  mound,  and 
a pot  with  rude  ornamentation  was  near  the  skull  of  a child. 


In  woods,  about  65  yards  NNW.  from  Mound  A is  a circular  dwelling-site 
(Mound  D)  about  2 feet  high  and  62  feet  in  diameter. 

Eleven  trial-holes  failed  to  come 


Fig.  98. — Pipe  of  claystone.  Keller  Place.  (Full  size.) 

slight  success. 

O 


upon  human  remains  but  resulted  in  the 
finding  of  a pipe  of  soft  claystone,  lying 
alone  (Fig.  98),  and  some  bones  kindly 
identified  by  Prof.  F.  A.  Lucas  as  having 
belonged  to  an  Indian  dog ; and  a bone 
of  a turtle,  apparently  a moderate-sized 
snapping  turtle. 

Various  series  of  trial-holes  were  put 
down  in  the  level  ground  and  in  small 
circular  elevations  in  the  woods,  in  an  en- 
deavor to  discover  a cemetery,  but  with 


In  one  place  human  remains  were  four  times  encountered,  but  considerable 
digging  in  their  vicinity  was  without  return.  With  one  of  these  burials  was  a small 
arrowpoint  of  black  chert. 


jOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.,  2ND  SER. , VOL.  XIV. 


PLATE  VI. 


>'  y 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

KELLER  PLACE,  VESSEL  MO.  25.  (height,  12  inches.) 


Cockavnk,  Boston. 


97 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

Mound  and  Sites  near  Pyle’s  Landing,  Calhoun  County,  Ark. 

About  one-quarter  mile  in  a northerly  direction  from  Pyle’s  Landing,  in  a field 
formerly  under  cultivation  but  untilled  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  is  a symmetrical 
mound  with  a circular  base,  7 feet  6 inches  in  height  and  80  feet  in  diameter.  The 
summit-plateau,  also  circular,  is  34  feet  across. 

As  this  mound  evidently  was  domiciliary  and  is  said  to  be  the  only  refuge  for 
stock  in  times  of  overflow,  we  contented  ourselves  with  a number  of  trial-holes  dug 
into  the  summit-plateau,  which,  beyond  showing  the  mound  to  be  of  clay  with  a 
slight  admixture  of  sand  in  that  part,  were  without  result. 

A number  of  trial-holes  were  put  down  by  us  in  the  field  surrounding  the 
mound,  but  without  success — a result  anticipated  by  us,  as  this  locality  is  said  to 
be  several  feet  under  water  each  flood  season. 

Mound  and  Cemetery  at  Kent,  Ouachita  County,  Ark. 

In  sight  of  the  railroad  station  at  Kent,  about  two  miles  above  Camden,  on 
property  of  the  Barlow  and  Kent  Company,  of  Urbana,  Ohio,  is  a quadrangular 
mound  having  modern  burials  in  its  summit-plateau.  This  mound,  18  feet  6 inches 
in  height,  somewhat  irregular  in  outline  through  wash  of  rain,  probably  at  the  time 
of  its  building  was  square  as  to  its  base  and  summit-plateau,  which  at  present  have 
diameters  respectively  of  147  feet  and  66  feet. 

The  sides  practically  face  the  cardinal  points. 

The  surrounding  area  is  said  to  have  been  long  under  cultivation,  and  a tomb- 
stone on  the  mound  marks  a decease  in  1852.  At  present,  however,  there  is  a 
growth  of  timber  over  most  of  the  place. 

No  attempt  was  made  by  us  to  excavate  the  mound,  which  was  evidently 
domiciliary,  but  as  there  was  knowledge  of  several  aboriginal  burials  discovered 
while  digging  preparatory  to  the  erection  of  sheds  (which  are  in  sight  from  the 
mound)  for  the  shelter  of  stock,  we  decided  to  dig  in  the  barnyard,  and  found  one 
skeleton  there. 

Immediately  south  of  this  barnyard,  however,  burials  were  more  plentiful, 
forty-four  being  found  in  a comparatively  small  area,  while  two  others  were  un- 
earthed near  the  boiler-house  belonging  to  the  Company,  which  is  at  some  distance 
from  the  sheds. 

Owing  to  the  previous  cultivation  of  the  ground,  no  doubt,  the  burials  lay  near 
the  surface,  the  deepest  being  but  15  inches  down,  and  most  of  them  less  than  one 
foot  in  depth. 

The  condition  of  the  bones  was  such,  through  decay,  that  many  evidently  had 
entirely  disappeared,  and  although  in  some  cases  skeletons  were  in  place  when 
found,  the  bones  crumbled  into  minute  fragments  upon  removal.  There  had  been 
also  aboriginal  disturbance,  grave  cutting  through  grave,  and  much  recent  inter- 
ference through  contact  with  the  plow.  However,  in  cases  where  there  remained 
enough  of  the  skeleton  for  determination,  burial  at  lull  length  on  the  back  was 
indicated. 


13  JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA,  VOL.  XIV. 


98 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Of  twenty-four  burials  which  surely  came  under  the  foregoing  class,  all  but  two 
had  the  heads  in  an  easterly  direction — not  due  east,  but  easterly.  In  the  two 
exceptions  the  skulls  were  directed  N.  of  W.  and  WNW. 

Little  but  earthenware  was  found  with  the  dead.  Near  the  lea-bone  of  a 
skeleton  were  two  musselshells,  and  immediately  at  the  skull  of  the  same  skeleton 
was  another — all  broken.  Each  of  these  shells  had  a central,  circular  perforation 
for  the  admission  of  a handle,  and  doubtless  was  used  as  a hoe  or  scraper. 

At  the  right  shoulder  of  an  extended  skeleton  were  two  knives  and  six  small 
arrowpoints,  of  chert:  and  a small  projectile  point  of  the  same  material  lay  near 
the  skull  of  another  skeleton. 

A skull  belonging  to  a disturbed  skeleton  had,  in  close  association,  a slender, 
barbed  arrowpoint  of  chert.  Chert  pebbles  and  parts  of  pebbles,  seemingly  inten- 
tionally placed,  were  found  near  bones  in  several  instances. 

Apparently  apart  from  human  remains  were  a number 
of  fragments  of  earthen  ware  which,  when  cemented  together, 
formed  the  bowl  of  a pipe  with  a curious  loop  attachment 
(Fig.  99).  In  the  base  of  the  bowl  are  two  perforations,  each 
of  which  connects  with  the  passage  intended  for  the  stem,  in 
place  of  the  single  perforation  usually  present. 

The  proportion  of  vessels  placed  with  the  dead  in  the 
cemetery  at  Kent  was  comparatively  small,  but  fourteen 
being  found.  All  these  but  one  were  crushed  by  pressure 
of  the  soil,  or  partly  plowed  away,  or  shattered  by  the  spades 
of  our  dickers. 

Incidentally,  it  may  be  said,  in  reference  to  breaking  of 
vessels  in  digging,  that  the  better  the  condition  of  the  bones,  the  greater  is  the 
number  of  vessels  recovered  intact.  This  may  be  easily  understood  when  we 
recall  that  all  bones  are  carefully  removed  by  hand,  and  if  any  part  of  a well- 
preserved  skeleton,  except  the  skull  (near  which  vessels  usually  are  found),  is  en- 
countered first  by  the  digger,  vessels  with  the  skeleton  are  exposed  to  but  little  risk 
in  removal. 

Of  the  fourteen  vessels  found  at  Kent,  all  but  one  lay  near  skulls  or  parts  of 
skulls — the  exception  being  a bowl  found  near  the  pelvis  of  an  extended  skeleton. 

In  one  instance  a bottle  and  a bowl  lay  with  a skeleton  ; all  other  vessels  were 
found  singly.  Several  bowls  were  inverted. 

The  earthenware  from  Kent  is  tempered  with  sand,  is  fairly  good  in  quality, 
and  in  several  instances  is  black  and  polished.  But  one  vessel  is  without  decora- 
tion, all  others  having  incised  markings,  none  of  which,  however,  is  of  especial 
interest.  One  vessel,  badly  broken  by  contact  with  a plow,  had  borne  a coating  of 
red  paint,  in  addition  to  a decoration  consisting  of  a number  of  incised,  encircling, 
parallel  lines.  The  more  noteworthy  vessels  are  described  in  detail. 

Vessel  No.  7,  a bowl  of  black  ware,  5.5  inches  in  maximum  diameter,  has  a 
conventional  tail  4.5  inches  in  length,  and  about  one  inch  in  width,  projecting  at 


Fig.  99. — Pipe  of  earthenware. 
Kent.  (Full  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


99 


a right  angle  below  the  rim.  On  the  opposite  side  is  a circular  area  where  a head 
(probably  that  of  a bird)  has  been.  Addi- 
tional decoration  consists  of  live  evenly 
made  trailed  lines  encircling  the  vessel 
below  the  rim,  except  where  the  lines 
curve  down  and  around  the  spaces  de- 
voted to  the  head  and  the  tail.  In  these 
lines  has  been  a thick  deposit  of  red  pig- 
ment, which  still  remains  in  places. 

Vessel  No.  1.  A bottle  of  porous, 
dark  ware  (Fig.  100),  with  a flat  base  and 
a rudely  incised  decoration. 

Vessel  No.  13.  A bottle  of  good, 
dark  ware,  from  which,  unfortunately, 
the  neck  has  been  plowed  away  and  lost 
(Fig.  101).  The  shape  is  somewhat  un- 
usual, as  is  the  decoration,  which  consists 
of  incised  designs  and  modeled  bands  in 
relief. 


Fig.  100. — Vessel  No.  1.  Kent.  (Height  7.9  inches.) 


Fig.  101. — Vessel  No.  13.  Kent.  (Diam.  7 inches.) 


100 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  102. — Vessel  No.  8.  Kent.  (Height  6.4  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  8.  A bottle  of  black  ware  (Fig.  102),  having  a flat  base  and  a neck 
of  unusual  form.  The  body  has,  as  decoration,  four  times  shown,  series  of  circles 
concentric  around  a dot,  with  dentate  markings  extending  from  the  outer  circles — 
presumably  sun-symbols.  Minor  features  in  the  decoration  are  cross-hatched  spaces 
between  the  symbols;  incised  encircling  lines  above  them;  and  other  encircling 
lines  on  the  terminal  portion  of  the  neck,  where,  in  addition,  are  four  equidistant, 
vertical  fillets  ornamented  with  parallel,  incised  lines  on  the  upper  surfaces. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY.  101 


RAP  I D [ S 

MAP  OP  PART  OF  LITTLE  RIVER 

Scale  in  miles 

° A !_? 

1909 

LITTLE  RIVER. 

Little  river,  as  we  have  said,  is  navigable  to  Georgetown,  a distance  of  about 
85  miles  by  water.  The  portion  covered  by  us  was  somewhat  less. 

The  navigable  part  of  this  stream  was  carefully  searched  in  advance  by  our 
agents. 

The  territory  along  that  part  of  Little  river  visited  by  us  is  nearly  all  subject 
to  overflow,  and  notone  cultivated  field  along  its  banks  was  seen  by  us  which  in- 
dicated the  presence  of  a cemetery,  either  by  a dark  appearance  of  the  soil  or  by 
debris  of  aboriginal  occupancy  scattered  on  the  surface. 

MOUNDS. 

Mounds  at  Bennett  Landing,  Catahoula  Parish.  La. 

Mounds  on  Bushley  Creek.  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Mound  near  Chevallier  Landing,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 


102 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Mounds  on  the  Frazier  Place,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  at  Donohue  Ferry,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  at  Nugent  Landing,  Grant  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  on  Big  Creek,  Grant  Parish,  La. 

Mound  near  Whatley  Landing,  Grant  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  at  Bennett  Landing,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

At  Bennett  Landing,  in  full  view  from  Little  river,  in  a cultivated  field,  are 
two  mounds  of  moderate  size,  formerly  quadrangular,  but  now  much  eroded  by 
wash  of  rain,  and,  as  to  their  lower  parts  probably  by  the  river  in  time  of 
overflow. 

Permission  to  investigate  these  mounds  was  accorded,  and  later  withdrawn. 
The  mounds,  judging  from  their  outlines  and  summit-plateaus,  belong  to  the  domi- 
ciliary class.  There  is  no  history  of  the  finding  of  bones  or  of  artifacts  in  or  near 
them. 

Mounds  on  Busiiley  Creek,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

At  the  junction  of  Bushley  Creek  with  Old  river,  is  a landing.  About  three- 
quarters  of  a mile  NNW.  from  this  landing  is  a large  field,  long  fallow,  the  property 
of  Messrs.  H.  & C.  Newman,  of  New  Orleans,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  also  for 
permission  to  investigate  their  property  on  the  Ouachita  river. 

In  this  field  are  a number  of  mounds  and  rises  in  the  ground,  and  the  surface 
contains  much  evidence  of  former  occupancy  by  aborigines. 

The  principal  mound  (A),  much  trampled  by  cattle,  a refuge  for  which  it  is  in 
periods  of  overflow,  has  a present  height  of  6 feet;  the  diameter  of  its  circular  base, 
which  evidently  has  been  much  extended,  is  SO  feet. 

Ten  trial-holes  sunk  into  this  mound  showed  it  to  be  mostly  of  hard  clay  with 
an  admixture  of  sand  in  places. 

Human  remains,  all  badly  decayed,  were  found  in  four  of  the  holes,  consisting 
of  fragments  in  two  places;  a skull;  and  a bunched  burial. 

In  another  trial-hole,  in  which  no  bones  were  apparent,  was  a small,  un- 
decorated pot  having  a square,  flat  base.  With  it  were  parts  of  another  vessel. 

As  neither  bones  nor  earthenware  were  met  with  at  a depth  greater  than  one 
foot,  it  was  evident  that  burials  in  this  mound  had  been  made  superficially. 

About  115  yards  N.  by  E.  from  Mound  A is  another  mound  (B),  which  in  the 
past  has  had  a house  upon  it,  and  is  greatly  dug  and  washed  away.  It  is  covered 
with  fragments  of  chert,  among  which  were  parts  of  several  human  bones.  On  the 
W.  side,  adjacent  to  the  mound,  has  been  a garden,  around  which,  except  along  the 
part  which  abuts  upon  the  mound,  is  a small  embankment,  or  levee,  of  the  same 
period  as  the  house,  to  protect  the  garden  in  periods  of  high  water. 

This  mound,  about  5 feet  high  from  the  S.,  N.,  and  W.,  is  of  much  greater 
height  on  the  eastern  side,  where,  seemingly,  the  surface  of  the  field  has  been 
washed  away  by  the  creek. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


103 


About  40  yards  ENE.  from  this  mound  is  a pool  marking  the  area  whence  the 
earth  for  the  mound  was  taken. 

In  addition  to  careful  examination  of  the  sides  of  a large  hole,  which  was 
already  in  the  mound,  we  did  considerable  digging,  but  without  success. 

Careful  search  also  was  made  over  all  this  promising  looking  field,  and  many 
trial-holes  were  put  down,  but  without  avail. 

Mound  near  Chevallier  Landing,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

About  half  a mile  in  a southeasterly  direction  from  the  landing,  on  the  Cheval- 
lier Place,  which  is  the  property  of  Mr.  D.  D.  Chevallier,  living  nearby,  in  sight 
from  the  landing,  is  a mound,  much  of  which  has  been  washed  away  by  rain,  leav- 
ing sections  that  expose  raw-looking  clay,  but  no  bones  or  artifacts.  The  height  of 
the  mound  is  21  feet. 

Digging  into  what  remained  of  the  summit-plateau  brought  no  return,  and  trial- 
holes  in  the  adjacent  woods  and  fields  yielded  no  sign  of  a place  of  burial. 

Mounds  on  the  Frazier  Place,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

About  four  miles  up  Little  river,  after  passing  through  Lake  Catahoula,  is  the 
Frazier  Place,  the  residence  of  Mr.  L.  D.  Frazier. 

In  full  view  from  the  river’s  bank  is  a fine  mound,  about  12  feet  high  measured 
from  the  NW.,  where  the  ground  is  high,  or  more  than  16  feet  in  height  when  the 
measurement  is  taken  from  the  southwestern  side,  which  is  about  the  general  level. 

The  mound,  originally  a truncated  cone,  has  a basal  diameter  of  90  feet.  It 
has  been  somewhat  washed  away  by  rain,  and  has  undergone  considerable  digging 
in  places. 

Various  parts  of  the  mound  were  dug  into  by  us,  including  an  excavation  10 
feet  by  9 feet  in  the  summit-plateau,  which  yielded  a full-length  burial,  two  single 
skulls,  and  a bunch  of  bones  without  a skull.  All  these  bones  were  badly  decayed. 
No  burials  occured  at  a greater  depth  than  1.5  feet,  where  raw-looking  clay  was 
encountered.  As  we  considered  the  mound  to  be  of  the  domiciliary  kind,  with 
superficial  burials,  digging  was  discontinued  at  a depth  of  between  3 and  4 feet. 

In  a cultivated  field  is  a curious  platform  of  earth,  of  remarkable  symmetry, 
about  150  yards  N.  by  W.  from  the  large  mound.  The  height  of  this  mound  in  the 
field  is  approximately  from  2 to  4 feet,  depending  on  the  slope  of  that  part  of  the 
field  whence  measurement  is  taken.  It  is  almost  square,  with  a diameter  of  95 
feet,  the  diameter  of  the  summit-plateau  being  about  75  feet. 

There  is  no  exact  orientation  to  this  curious  mound,  which,  perhaps,  was  the 
first  stage  in  the  building  of  a greater  one,  the  sides  being  approximately  N.  by  E. 
and  S.  by  W.,  and  E.  by  S.  and  W.  by  N. 

Considerable  digging  into  this  mound  in  the  hope  ot  discovering  a cemetery, 
proved  fruitless. 


104 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Mounds  at  Donohue  Ferry,  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

On  the  crest  of  a ridge  overlooking  Donohue  Ferry,  about  300  yards  in  an 
easterly  direction  from  the  ferry,  on  property  of  Mrs.  Blanche  Walker,  of  Jackson, 
La.,  is  a very  symmetrical  mound,  a truncated  cone  in  form,  whose  dimensions  are 
hard  to  determine,  it  being  almost  impossible  to  decide  where  a ridge  upon  which 
it  stands  comes  to  an  end  and  where  the  mound  begins. 

Taken  from  the  S.  the  mound  has  a height  of  12  feet  and  a basal  diameter  of 
80  feet;  and  these  measurements  will  probably  answer  as  well  as  any  others, 
though  the  question  of  the  size  of  the  mound  must  be  entirely  a matter  of  indi- 
vidual opinion.  At  all  events,  the  dimensions  cannot  be  smaller  than  those  given. 
The  diameter  of  the  summit-plateau  is  15  feet. 

Cropping  from  the  sides  of  the  mound  are  masses  of  sandstone,  and  our  digging 
into  the  summit  and  sides  came  upon  similar  masses,  and  nothing  else. 


A few  feet  from  the  large  mound  was  another,  1 foot  9 inches  in  height  and 
29  feet  in  diameter  of  base.  A trench  20  feet  long  by  G feet  across,  running  through 
the  center  of  the  mound,  was  put  down  to  a depth  extending  below  the  base,  with- 
out result,  except  the  discovery  of  masses  of  sandstone,  smaller  than  those  in  the 
larger  mound. 


Fig.  103. 


Mounds  at  Nugent  Landing,  Grant  Parish,  La. 

In  woods,  on  land  belonging  to  the  State,  near  Nugent  Landing,  are  various 

low,  circular  mounds ; a mound  that  had  been 
dug  through  previous  to  our  visit;  and  a quad- 
rangular mound,  probably  domiciliary,  about  7 
feet  in  height.  Several  of  these  mounds,  includ- 
ing the  one  last  referred  to,  were  dug  into  by 
us  without  success. 

In  a cleared  space,  in  full  view  from  the 
landing,  is  a low,  irregular  mound,  composed  of 
very  dark  soil,  evidently  a dwelling-site. 

Thirteen  trial-holes  sunk  in  this  site  yielded 
human  remains  in  three  places,  all  near  together. 
Considerable  space  surrounding  these  holes  was 
then  dug  out,  exposing  other  burials,  making  a 
total  of  three  skeletons  at  full  length  on  the  back, 
one  being  without  bones  from  the  knees  down  ; 
and  eight  skulls  Ivins;  among  fragments  of  bones. 
None  of  these  burials,  all  of  which  were  badly 
decayed,  lay  at  a depth  greater  than  20  inches. 

Near  one  of  the  skulls  was  a curious  little 
vessel  of  earthenware,  shown  in  Fig.  103,  and 
fragments  of  another  vessel  of  rude  design.  With 
these  were  three  Hat  pebbles,  one  round  in  out- 
witli  rounded  corners. 


-Earthenware  vessel.  Nugent  Land- 
ing. (Height  3.4  inches.) 


line  and  two  oblom 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


105 


Mounds  on  Big  Creek,  Grant  Parish,  La. 

On  a nameless  point  extending  into  Big  creek,  about  one  mile  above  its  union 
with  Little  river,  on  the  left  hand  side  going  up,  in  view  from  the  water,  is  a mound 
about  1.5  feet  high  and  40  feet  across  the  base.  Six  trial-holes  showed  the  mound 
to  be  of  closely-packed  sandy  clay.  Indications  of  single  skulls  with  fragments  of 
long-bones  near  them  were  found  in  two  places.  Near  one  of  the  skulls  was  a bowl 
of  inferior  ware,  in  many  fragments. 

Investigation  of  other  low  mounds  at  this  place  was  without  success. 

Mound  near  Whatley  Landing,  Grant  Parish,  La. 

In  woods,  about  100  yards  in  from  the  water,  about  one  mile  above  Whatley 
Landing,1  on  property  of  Mr.  A.  A.  Whatley,  is  a mound  about  4 feet  in  height, 
irregularly  elliptical  in  shape,  with  basal  diameters  of  125  feet  and  83  feet ; and 
corresponding  diameters  of  summit-plateau  of  104  feet  and  55  feet.  Beyond  show- 
ing the  mound  to  be  composed  of  clayey  sand,  eleven  trial-holes  were  without 
result. 

At  this  point  we  decided  to  abandon  work  on  Little  river. 


BOEUF  RIVER, 

The  investigation  of  Boeuf  river,  which  was  not  searched  for  us  in  advance  by 
our  agent,  as  we  have  said  before,  was  abandoned  by  us  at  Alto,  100  miles2  by 
water  from  the  river’s  mouth,  though  the  stream  is  navigable  50  miles  further. 

The  land  bordering  Boeuf  river  is  low-lying,  except  in  places,  until  Lander- 
neau  is  reached  (see  map),  after  which  the  banks  are  somewhat  higher. 

MOUNDS  AND  SITES.3 

Cemetery  near  Jones  Landing,  Franklin  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  near  Dailey  Landing,  Franklin  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  near  White  Oak  Landing,  Franklin  Parish,  La. 

Mound  at  Alabama  Landing,  Richland  Parish,  La. 

Cemetery  at  Jones  Landing,  Franklin  Parish,  La. 

At  Jones  Landing  is  a large  plantation  belonging  to  Mr.  L.  Herbert  Swayze, 
who  resides  there. 

1 The  landing  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  in  Catahoula  Parish. 

2 All  information  as  to  distance  to  towns  and  as  to  navigable  length  of  rivers,  mentioned  in  this 
report,  has  been  furnished  us  from  surveys  by  the  United  States  Engineer  Department  having  super- 
vision of  these  streams. 

3 Only  mounds  noteworthy  on  account  of  size  and  shape,  and  mounds  or  sites  in  which  human 
remains  were  found,  are  described  in  our  account  of  the  antiquities  of  Boeuf  river. 

Single  mounds  or  groups  of  mounds  are  at  or  near  : Eagle  Island  Landing,  on  the  Desha  Place ; 
Thomas  Landing,  on  the  Bush  Place  ; Hebert  Landing,  on  the  Hebert  Place  ; Swett  Landing,  on  State 
land. 


14  JOURN.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


106 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


MAP  OF  PART  OF  BOFUF  RIVER 

Scale  in  miles 


1909 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


107 


Surrounded  by  cultivated  land,  on  Mr.  Swayze’s  place,  are  two  mounds,  low 
and  much  spread,  on  one  of  which  is  a dwelling,  while  the  other  is  occupied  by  a 
cemetery  containing  recent  burials.  Both  these  mounds,  which  had  the  appear- 
ance of  having  been  domiciliary  in  character,  though,  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  they 
had  lost  all  definite  form,  were  dug  into  by  us  without  success. 

Near  the  mound  in  which  are  the  recent  burials  is  a pool  of  water  which  marks 
the  area  whence  material  for  the  mound  was  taken.  This  pool  is  nearly  surrounded 
by  small,  circular  dwelling-sites. 

The  entire  plantation  was  carefully  examined  by  us,  with  the  result  that  a 
slight  rise  in  the  ground  was  noted  about  half  a mile  SE.  from  the  landing,  at  the 
extreme  SW.  end  of  the  plantation.  This  elevation,  perhaps  one  foot  in  height, 
was  of  much  darker  soil  than  the  surrounding  plantation,  and  fragments  of  human 
bone  lay  in  furrows  made  by  recent  plowing. 

Trial-holes  at  once  exposed  human  remains,  and  additional  digging  showed 
burials  in  that  part  of  the  elevation  which  was  in  the  plowed  field  (a  part  of  it, 
not  a large  proportion  seemingly,  was  in  a cultivated  garden  beyond  a fence) 
mainly  to  be  confined  to  an  area  20  feet  by  30  feet  in  extent.  This  area  was  dug 
throughout  by  us  at  a depth  of  from  a foot  to  2 feet,  where  undisturbed  clay  was 
encountered. 

H uman  remains  were  found  in  great  abundance,  but  in  a poor  state  of  preserva- 
tion, only  two  skulls,  both  broken,  and  several  bones  exhibiting  pathological  condi- 
tions being  saved. 

In  certain  cases  burial  at  full  length  on  the  back  was  noted  ; in  others,  the 
deposit  of  skulls  and  scattered  bones.  In  one  instance  five  skulls  lay  together. 

The  yield  of  artifacts  was  disappointing. 

Placed  on  the  chest  of  an  extended  skeleton  was  the  base  of  an  earthenware 
vessel,  lying  too  deep  to  have  lost  its  upper  part  through  the  agency  of  a plow. 

With  scattered  human  remains,  and  near  the  surface,  was  another  base  of  a 
vessel. 

Also  with  human  bones  were  several  bits  of  chert  and  part  of  a small  disk  of  stone. 

An  extended  skeleton  had  on  one  side  of  the  skull  a pot  of  shell-tempered 
ware,  in  fragments,  roughly  decorated  ; and  on  the  other  side  a small  undecorated 
bowl.  Near  the  pot  were  several  broken  pebbles  of  chert;  within  the  bowl  was  a 
chert  fragment. 

Another  extended  skeleton  had  at  the  neck  sixteen  shell  beads,  roughly  barrel- 
shaped, each  about  one-third  of  an  inch  in  length. 

A part  of  a short-necked  bottle,  the  remainder  apparently  having  been  carried 
away  by  a plow,  lay  with  fragmentary  human  remains.  The  decoration  of  this 
vessel,  neatly  executed,  had  been  a scroll  combination  partly  filled  in  with  cross- 
hatch  lines.  The  ware,  though  not  shell-tempered,  is  excellent,  and  the  outline  of 
the  vessel,  when  whole,  must  have  been  graceful. 

Near  scattered  bones  were  fragments  of  an  undecorated  vessel,  and  in  two  in- 
stances vessels  crudely  decorated,  with  globular  bodies  and  flaring  necks,  lay  near 
skulls. 


108 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Near  another  skull  was  half  of  a pot  bearing  a coarse,  lined  decoration. 

The  yield  from  the  portion  of  this  cemetery  investigated  by  us  was  not  of  a 
nature  to  encourage  us  to  negotiate  with  an  aged  colored  man,  into  whose  garden 
the  remainder  of  the  cemetery  extended,  for  the  right  to  continue  the  search. 

On  a plantation  adjoining  that  of  Mr.  Swayze  we  failed  to  find  bones  on  the 
surface,  or  soil  of  a color  to  encourage  us  to  dig,  though  scattered  amid  much  chert 
debris  were  a small,  pointed  implement  of  bone,  and  a piercing  implement  2.75 
inches  in  length,  made  by  grinding  to  a point  at  its  narrower  end  a chert  pebble  so 
shaped  as  admirably  to  adapt  it  to  the  purpose. 

A number  of  arrowheads  of  chert  were  found  on  this  plantation,  as  well  as  on 
the  one  belonging  to  Mr.  Swayze. 

Mounds  near  Dailey  Landing,  Franklin  Parish,  La. 

About  300  yards  W.  by  S.  from  Dailey  Landing,  in  a cultivated  field  forming 
part  of  the  plantation  of  Mr.  M.  P.  Dailey,  who  lives  on  it,  is  a mound  (A)  14  feet 
high,  with  an  irregularly  circular  base  146  feet  in  diameter.  The  diameter  of  the 
summit-plateau  is  47  feet.  The  upper  part  of  this  mound,  to  a depth  of  from  2 to 
2.5  feet,  is  of  rather  loose  material  and  is  much  darker  in  shade  than  the  solid  and 
tenacious  clay  beneath  it. 

Eight  trial-holes  were  put  down  in  the  superficial  part  of  the  mound,  some  of 
which,  coming  upon  human  remains,  subsequently  were  enlarged.  Digging  was 
not  carried  farther,  as  the  mounds  on  Mr.  Dailey’s  place  are  his  sole  reliance  in 
flood-time  as  a place  of  refuge  for  stock,  hence  digging  and  a consequent  loosening 
of  soil  and  destruction  of  roots  which  hold  it  in  place,  meant  impairment  to  the 
mound  ; moreover  the  yield  of  artifacts  was  not  of  an  alluring  character. 

One  skeleton  extended  on  the  back  and  six  bunched  burials  were  encountered 
at  a maximum  depth  of  2.5  feet.  With  one  of  the  bunched  burials  were  three 
skulls;  with  another,  were  two. 

All  bones  were  badly  decayed. 

With  burials  were  six  earthenware  vessels  near  crania;  in  one  instance  a 
pair,  the  rest  occurring  singly.  These  vessels,  all  of  which  were  broken,  show  no 
shell-tempering  and  are  undecorated,  with  a single  exception  which  bears  a simple 
design  of  straight  lines,  roughly  made.  The  vessels  present  no  novelty  in  form. 

About  250  yards  NNE.  from  Mound  A is  a somewhat  smaller  mound  (B), 
which  has  suffered  considerably  through  wash  of  water.  Its  summit-plateau  was 
of  hard,  undisturbed  clay,  light  in  color. 

This  mound  yielded  nothing  to  our  search,  nor  was  it  expected  that  it  would 
do  so. 

About  80  yards  SSE.  from  Mound  A is  another  mound,  much  spread  through 
cultivation,  which  was  planted  in  cotton  at  the  time  of  our  visit.  The  soil  is  rich 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


109 


with  admixture  of  organic  matter,  but  the  depth  to  which  this  loam  extends  is 
little  more  than  one  foot.  Thirteen  trial-holes  were  without  result. 

Across  a small  arm  that  makes  in  from  the  river,  in  a southerly  direction  from 
Mound  A,  is  a mound  in  woods,  in  which  eight  trial-holes  were  sunk  without  suc- 
cess ; and  an  equal  number  were  put  down  into  neighboring  level  ground  with  like 
result. 

Mounds  near  White  Oak  Landing,  Franklin  Parish,  La. 

About  300  yards  above  White  Oak  Landing,  on  the  river  bank,  on  land  said 
to  be  property  of  the  State,  is  a mound  (A)  about  one  foot  in  height,  and  probably 
circular  as  to  circumference  in  former  times,  but  somewhat  eaten  away  by  the  river 
at  the  period  of  our  visit,  when  its  diameters  were  28  feet  and  36  feet. 

Eleven  trial-holes  showed  the  elevation  to  be  of  rich  loam,  containing  occasional 
fragments  of  musselshells. 

Human  remains  were  found  in  five  places  and  varied  in  depth  from  6 inches 
to  2.5  feet.  In  addition  to  many  scattered  bones,  there  were  six  skeletons  lying 
at  full  length  on  the  back,  one  of  which  instead  of  having  the  arms  extended  at  the 
sides,  had  the  forearms  flexed  against  the  upper  arms.  All  bones  were  in  bad  con- 
dition, the  skulls  being  in  fragments. 

The  yield  of  artifacts  from  this  place  was  not  encouraging. 

Apart  from  human  remains  was  half  a pebble  which  had  been  split  longitudin- 
ally, with  an  edge  ground  at  the  broader  end. 

Also  away  from  burials  was  the  larger  part  of  a shell-tempered  earthenware 
vessel  which,  when  whole,  had  borne  as  decoration  a combination  of  the  scroll. 

About  50  yards  NE.  from  the  mound  on  the  river  bank  is  a mound  from  3 to  5 
feet  in  height,  the  altitude  depending  somewhat  on  the  side  of  the  mound  whence 
the  measurement  is  taken.  Its  circular  base  has  a diameter  of  90  feet.  Thirteen 
trial-holes  were  dug,  resulting  in  the  discovery  of  scattered  bones;  a bunched  burial 
with  three  skulls ; and  three  skeletons  extended  on  the  back  ; none  more  than  one 
foot  in  depth. 

Mound  at  Alabama  Landing,  Richland  Parish,  La. 

At  Alabama  Landing,  on  property  of  Mrs.  M.  E.  McIntosh,  a road  which  skirts 
the  river  passes  through  remains  of  an  elevation  but  little  above  the  surrounding 
level,  in  which,  we  were  informed,  human  bones  formerly  had  been  found. 

Thirteen  trial-holes  sunk  by  us  came  upon  human  remains  in  three  places, 
none  at  a greater  depth  than  ten  inches  from  the  surface.  These  remains,  which 
were  badly  decayed,  had  undergone  much  disturbance. 

A skeleton  extended  on  the  back  had  all  bones  missing  below  the  knees.  At 
the  skull  was  an  arrowhead  or  knife,  of  chert. 

Three  other  skulls  were  found  with  scattered  bones. 


MAP  OF  PART  OF  BAYOU  BARTHOLOMEW 

Scale  in  mi les 

6 5 10  15 


19  03 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Ill 


BAYOU  BARTHOLOMEW.1 

Bayou  Bartholomew,  comparatively  deep  in  the  winter  season,  and  narrow  so 
that  the  traveler  on  it  has  the  cosy  sensation  of  journeying  on  a canal,  passes 
throughout  between  lines  of  contiguous  farms  and  plantations,  all  on  ground  so 
high  that  it  is  almost  free  from  danger  of  overflow.  The  bayou  escaped  the  great 
flood  of  1882,  though  the  lower  parts  of  the  country  bordering  it  were  inundated 
for  a short  time  in  the  still  greater  freshet  of  1874,  which,  however,  was  due  to 
a special  cause. 

As  we  have  said,  we  searched  the  bayou  from  its  union  with  the  Ouachita  to 
Portland,  Arkansas,  its  navigable  length,  a distance  of  134  miles,  by  water. 

Later,  we  again  carefully  investigated  the  bayou  to  a point  somewhat  above 
the  Mound  Place,  or  about  half  the  distance  previously  covered. 

Bayou  Bartholomew,  as  stated  in  our  introductory  remarks,  was  not  visited  by 
our  agent  previous  to  our  coming,  but  so  courteous  were  the  planters  and  farmers 
along  its  banks  and  so  eager  to  aid  us,  that  our  disadvantage  through  want  of  ad- 
vance information  was  reduced  to  a minimum. 

MOUNDS  AND  SITES. 

Mound  near  Sycamore  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Cemetery  near  Sycamore  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Cemetery  on  the  Keno  Plantation,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Cemetery  on  the  Ward  Place,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Cemetery  near  Seven  Pines  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Cemetery  near  Bray  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Mound  and  cemetery  on  the  Mound  Place,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Cemetery  at  Linn  Grove  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Mound  near  Linn  Grove  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Mounds  near  Wilmot,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

Mound  at  Noble  Landing,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

Mounds  on  the  Carlock  Place,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

Mound  ou  the  Sherrer  Place,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

Mound  near  Portland,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

Mound  near  Sycamore  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

About  150  yards  E.  by  N.  from  Sycamore  Landing  is  a mound  with  circular 
base,  11  feet  in  height  and  130  feet  in  diameter.  This  mound,  which  has  every 
appearance  of  having  been  plowed  over  in  recent  years,  seems  to  belong  to  the 
domiciliary  class.  Its  owner  was  disinclined  to  permit  investigation. 

We  are  unable  to  say  why  Bartholomew  is  called  a bayou,  and  residents  along  its  banks  are 
equally  in  ignorance  as  to  the  explanation.  The  Saline,  rising  in  Arkansas  and  joining  the  Ouachita, 
as  does  Bayou  Bartholomew,  and  of  no  greater  size  than  Bartholomew,  is  called  a river. 


112 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Cemetery  near  Sycamore  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

At  Sycamore  Landing  is  the  plantation  of  Mrs.  Clara  Barber,  whose  place  of 
residence  is  Pine  Bluff,  Ark.  This  plantation,  under  the  management  of  Mr. 
Clarence  Secrease,  of  Ouachita  City,  La.,  adjoins  that  on  which  is  the  mound  to 
which  we  have  referred,  and  presumably  had  the  cemetery  belonging  to  that  mound. 

In  a cultivated  field  in  the  Barber  plantation,  about  500  yards  in  a SE.  direc- 
tion from  Sycamore  Landing,  and  in  sight  from  the  mound,  was  an  imperfectly 
defined  rise  above  the  general  level,  where  the  soil  was  darker  than  that  which 
surrounded  it.  On  the  surface  of  this  elevation  were  dwelling-site  debris  and  a 
small  fragment  of  a human  skull. 

Trial-holes  put  down  at  various  points  in  this  ground  came  upon  faint  traces  of 
bones  and  several  vessels  of  earthenware. 

Finally,  as  the  result  of  considerable  digging,  an  area  39  feet  by  46  feet  was 
determined,  in  which,  seemingly,  the  burials  had  been  made.  This  area  was  dug 
throughout  by  us  at  depths  varying  between  2 feet  and  more  than  4 feet,  according 
to  the  distance  to  which  the  graves  extended. 

Traces  of  human  remains  were  met  with  in  thirty-eight  instances,  hut  it  was 
evident  from  the  number  of  artifacts  that  lay  apart  from  bones,  that  many  burials 
had  entirely  disappeared.  Rarely  was  a fragment  of  hone  met  with  that  did  not 
crumble  at  the  touch.  Skulls  were  mere  outlines  in  the  soil,  and  all  that  remained 
of  some  burials  were  decaying  crowns  of  teeth. 

Burial  No.  20,  seemingly  a hunched  burial,  in  a pit,  lay  4 feet  9 inches  down, 
and  consisted  of  traces  of  three  skulls  and  of  remains  of  long-bones  which  had  been 
piled  lengthwise  one  upon  another. 

Burial  No.  4,  traces  of  a skull,  3 feet  from  the  surface,  had  with  it  three  earthen- 
ware vessels  and  a large  pipe  of  limestone  or  of  phosphate  rock  (reacting  to  acid), 
fairly  crumbling  into  bits,  evidently  a pipe  of  the  effigy  class;  a small  arrowhead 
of  chert ; and  a small  “ celt  ” of  a hard  stone,  which,  in  common  with  other  “ celts  ” 
found  here,  we  have  not  cared  to  mutilate  for  a microscopic  slide  for  exact  deter- 
mination, and  as  to  which  we  do  not  wish  to  follow  the  usual  custom  and  hazard  a 
guess. 

Burial  No.  8,  represented  by  remains  of  a skull,  which  probably  belonged  to 
some  fragments  of  decaying  bone  a short  distance  from  it,  lay  22  inches  from  the 
surface.  With  the  bones  were  a pipe  of  earthenware,  a small  “celt.”  and  fifty-six 
arrowpoints  of  chert,  all  barbed  and  acutely  pointed.  Most  of  these  arrowheads 
lay  in  a small  heap,  a few  being  scattered  nearby.  With  the  arrowheads  were 
three  pebbles;  one  pebble-hammer;  and  thirteen  flakes  of  chert. 

On  one  side  of  the  skull  belonging  to  this  burial  was  a discoidal  of  limestone, 
4 inches  in  diameter,  with  a few  badly  decayed  shell  beads  upon  it. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  cranium  was  a pipe  of  limestone  or  of  phosphate 
rock,  which  strikingly  represents  the  head  of  an  eagle,  although,  unfortunately,  the 
distal,  curved  end  of  the  beak  has  crumbled  away  (Figs.  104,  105).  Height,  3.75 
inches;  maximum  width,  3.1  inches;  length,  4.5  inches. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


113 


Fig.  104. — Pipe  of  limestone.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  105. — Pipe  of  limestone,  other  side.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


15  JOURN.  A.  N.  S PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


114  ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

The  decoration,  now  somewhat  indistinct,  is  in  higher  relief  on  the  left  side  of 
the  head  than  it  is  on  the  right  side,  where  the  eye  alone  is  in  relief. 

This  decoration  is  shown  diagrammatically  as  accurately  as  it  is  possible  to  do 
under  the  circumstances  (Fig.  106). 

The  eye  represented  on  this  pipe  may  give  a clue  to  some  of  the  designs  on  the 
pottery  from  this  region. 

With  the  pipe  was  a “celt,”  9 inches  long,  with  neatly-made,  rounded  point 
opposite  the  cutting  edge. 


Fig.  10G. — Pipe  of  limestone.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


Fig.  107. — Pipe  of  sandstone.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY.  115 

In  front  of  the  skull  was  a pipe  of  earthenware,  and  an  effigy-pipe  of  sandstone, 
4.2  inches  in  height,  5.6  inches  long,  and  2.5  inches  in  maximum  width. 

The  latter  pipe,  it  is  believed,  was  intended  to  represent  a rabbit,  judging  from 
the  ears,  from  the  hare-lip,  and  from  the  general  appearance  of  the  figure  (Figs. 
107,  108). 

On  the  left  side  of  the  pipe  (Diagram,  Fig.  109)  the  legs  and  decoration  are 
represented  in  low  relief.  On  the  right  side  the  legs  are  in  higher  relief,  and  in 


Fig.  108. — Pipe  of  sandstone,  other  side.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  109. — Pipe  of  sandstone.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


116 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


front  of  the  legs  is  an  incised  cross  of  the  four  directions.  This  cross  and  similar 
emblems  shown  on  other  pipes  from  the  Mississippi  region  call  to  mind  the  smok- 
ing ceremony  described  by  Charlevoix,  in  which  the  smoke  was  blown  first  to  the 
sky,  then  to  the  earth  (“  above  ” and  “below”),  and  then  around  the  horizon,  or 
to  the  four  quarters. 

Burial  No.  11,  a few  remnants  of  teeth,  lay  in  a pit  at  a depth  of  3 feet.  With 
it  was  a large  pipe  of  limestone  or  of  phosphate  rock,  which  evidently  had  been  an 
effigy-pipe,  but  which,  on  removal,  partly  came  to  pieces  and  scaled  to  such  an 
extent  that  its  original  shape  was  lost. 

Burial  No.  17,  a mere  trace  of  bone,  3.5  feet  down,  had  with  it  a bowl  of 
earthenware  and  a small  cube  of  galena.  This  galena  (lead  sulphide)  bears  a coat- 
ing of  carbonate  of  lead.  Lead  carbonate  is  the  white-lead  of  commerce.  It  was 
shown  by  us  in  the  account  of  our  work  at  the  great  pre-Columbian  site  at  Mound- 
ville,  Ala.,1  that  the  white-lead  paint  found  by  us  on  ceremonial  palettes  of  stone 
could  readily  have  been  made  by  the  aborigines  by  scraping  this  carbonate  deposit 
from  masses  of  galena  (such  masses  were  found  in  the  Moundville  graves)  and  mix- 
ing the  material  with  bear-grease. 

Burial  No.  22,  traces  of  a skull  and  of  teeth,  had  a small  “ celt”  nearby,  and 
two  similar  implements  of  medium  size  lay  singly,  apart  from  burials. 

Apart  from  human  remains,  but  evidently  having  belonged  to  a burial  that 
had  disappeared,  were  a bottle  and  a pipe,  of  earthenware,  and  a cube  of  galena  in 
contact  with  the  pipe,  one  side  of  which  had  been  colored  by  the  carbonate  deposit 
on  the  lead  sulphide. 

Undoubtedly  belonging  to  a burial  that  had  disappeared  through  decay,  there 
lay  in  a little  heap  fifty-four  diminutive  arrowpoints  wrought  from  pebbles  of  chert. 

Two  discoidals  of  sandstone,  rather  roughly  made,  were  found  singly  with 
earthenware  vessels  whose  associated  burials  presumably  had  disappeared  through 
decay. 

Several  small  arrowpoints  of  chert  lay  with  burials,  and  a plummet-shaped 
object  of  hematite,  broken  at  the  end  where  the  means  for  attachment  had  been, 
was  found  apart  from  bones. 

In  all,  eleven  tobacco-pipes  of  earthenware  came  from  this  cemetery,  many  of 
which  lay  near  human  remains  and  all  of  which  probably  had  accompanied  such 
remains  at  one  time.  Seven  of  these  pipes  are  shown  in  Figs.  110  to  116,  inclu- 
sive. Three  of  the  four  pipes  not  included  in  the  list  resemble  markedly  some  of 
those  which  are  illustrated.  The  fourth  pipe  has  had  projecting  at  a right  angle 
from  the  base  of  the  bowl  an  appendage  about  an  inch  in  diameter  at  its  base,  which 
was  not  with  the  pipe  when  found,  and  without  which  the  pipe  offers  no  feature  of 
interest. 

Professor  Holmes2  figures  a number  of  pipes  from  Arkansas,  which  are  similar 
in  type  to  many  found  by  us  along  Bayou  Bartholomew. 

1 See  “Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Black  Warrior  River,”  pp.  146,  147.  Journ.  Acad. 
Nat,  Sci.,  Phila.,  Vol.  XIII. 

2 Aboriginal  Pottery  of  Eastern  United  States,  20th  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Am.  Ethn.,  Plate  XXXIII. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


117 


Fig.110. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  111. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Sycamore 
Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  112.— Pipe  of  earthenware.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  113. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Sycamore 
Landing.  (Full  size.) 


118 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  115. — -Pipe  of  earthenware.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


119 


Fig.  116. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Seventy-eight  vessels  of  earthenware,  lying  singly,  in  twos,  and  threes,  and  in 
one  case  four  together,  came  from  this  cemetery.  In  this  last  instance  there  were 
two  bowls  upright,  one  within  the  other,  and  two  others  on  their  sides,  one  within 
the  other. 

Many  of  the  vessels  of  this  place  were  apart  from  human  remains  when  found, 
though  unquestionably,  in  our  opinion,  they  had  been  deposited  with  burials. 

The  pottery  from  this  cemetery,  as  a rule,  is  inferior,  is  without  shell-temper- 
ing, thick  and  unevenly  fired.  Many  vessels  were  hardly  more  than  pasty  frag- 
ments when  found,  though,  as  there  was  little  originality  of  form  or  decoration,  the 
loss  is  not  greatly  to  be  regretted.  This  marked  inferiority  of  ware  is  of  especial 
interest  in  connection  with  this  place,  inasmuch  as  Sycamore  Landing  is  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Glendora  Plantation  and  the  Keno  Place,  where  beautiful 
examples  of  pottery  were  found,  and  one  might  expect  to  meet  with  at  least  some 
similar  specimens  at  Sycamore  Landing. 

A marked  flattening  of  the  base  of  vessels,  a specialty  of  the  region,  was  notice- 
able in  this  cemetery  also. 

Vessel  No.  48,  represented  by  parts  only,  is  a bottle  of  coarse,  yellow  ware 
covered  exteriorly  with  green  pigment,  the  analysis  of  which  is  given  in  our  intro- 
ductory remarks  on  the  pottery  of  this  region. 

Vessel  No.  36,  an  undecorated  bottle,  has  at  one  time  rested  on  three  supports 
which  were  missing  when  the  vessel  was  found.  There  was  no  opening  between 
the  body  of  the  bottle  and  the  supports,  as  there  sometimes  is  in  vessels  of  this 
kind. 


120 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Vessel  No.  7.  A bowl  of  black  ware  (Fig.  117),  bearing  an  incised  decoration, 
rather  roughly  executed. 

Vessel  No.  66.  A pot  of  brown  ware,  having  flat  base  and  bearing  incised 
decoration  composed  mainly  of  a design  of  spirals,  three  times  shown  (Fig.  118). 


Fig.  117. — Vessel  No.  7.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Diam.  8.2  inches.) 


Fig.  118. — Vessel  No.  66.  Sycamore  Landing.  (Diam.  6.4  inches.) 


Cemetery  on  the  Keno  Plantation,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

The  Keno  Place  is  one  of  a number  of  plantations  stretching  contiguously  for 
miles  along  the  bayou,  all  belonging  to  Mr.  James  G.  Sandidge,  of  Bastrop,  La.,  who 
has  traveled  extensively  and  who  takes  great  interest  in  archaeological  matters. 

About  one-quarter  mile  N.  by  W.  from  the  landing  at  the  Keno  Place,  in  a 
cultivated  field,  was  an  indistinctly  defined  area  hardly  appreciably  higher  than 
the  level  of  the  surrounding  field.  This  slight  elevation,  we  were  informed  by  Mr. 
Sandidge,  had  attracted  his  attention  for  some  time,  owing  to  the  large  fragments 
of  pottery  that  had  been  plowed  from  it. 

The  soil  of  this  area,  much  darker  than  that  of  the  surrounding;  field,  still  had 
on  the  surface  many  fragments  of  pottery,  besides  numerous  chert  pebbles  and  bits 
of  chert,  a mass  of  fossil  wood,  a stone  pitted  on  both  sides  and  several  sandstone 
hones. 

Those  employed  on  the  plantation  told  of  glass  beads  that  had  been  uncovered 
by  the  plow  at  this  place. 

Trial-holes  in  various  parts  of  this  area  came  at  once  in  places  upon  fragments 
of  human  bones  and  vessels  of  earthenware. 

Next  eleven  trenches,  beginning  well  out  in  the  level  ground  and  converging 
toward  all  parts  of  the  elevation,  were  continued  until  an  area  82  feet  by  86  feet 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


121 


was  defined  as  seemingly  that  in  which  the  human  remains  and  pottery  were  in- 
cluded. This  area,  which  proved  to  be  somewhat  greater  than  necessary  on  one 
side,  was  completely  worked  through  by  us,  at  depths  depending  on  the  varying 
thickness  of  the  layer  of  dark,  loamy  clay,  which  rested  upon  untouched  clay  of 
lighter  color,  and  upon  the  depth  of  various  grave-pits  which  extended  into  undis- 
turbed clay,  the  deepest  of  which  was  3 feet. 

The  outer  parts  where  grave-pits  were  less  frequently  found,  though  they  were 
numerous  even  there,  were  dug  through  with  spades,  but  the  central  portion  of  the 
area,  23  feet  by  28  feet  in  extent,  where  the  graves  cut  through  each  other  and 
were  present  almost  throughout,  was  gone  through  with  the  aid  of  trowels  alone. 

The  condition  of  the  human  remains  in  this  cemetery  was  such  that  not  only 
no  bones  were  saved,  but  practically  all  that  were  found  could  have  been  contained 
in  a space  considerably  less  than  the  size  of  a bucket  and  consisted  almost  exclu- 
sively of  mere  outlines  of  skulls,  crumbling  crowns  of  teeth,  and  occasional  spongy 
fragments  of  long-bones. 

These  traces  of  human  remains  were  encountered  255  times,  from  the  surface, 
where  they  had  been  disturbed  by  the  plow,  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  deepest 
graves. 

This  enumeration  by  us  is,  of  course,  no  exact  indication  of  the  number  of 
individuals  originally  buried  in  the  cemetery,  as  it  is  evident  that  fragments  of 
bone  belonging  to  the  same  skeleton,  but  at  some  distance  apart,  might  be  twice 
scored,  or  even  more  often.  On  the  other  hand,  many  burials  unquestionably  had 
disappeared. 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  determination  as  to  form  of  burial  was  almost 
impossible,  though  as  many  of  the  grave-pits  were  small  and  circular,  presumably 
the  bunched  form  of  burial  had  been  in  excess  of  the  flexed  burial  or  the  burial  at 
length. 

However,  three  burials  certainly,  and  perhaps  a fourth,  had  been  of  the  ex- 
tended variety.  One  of  these  extended  burials  offered  features  of  interest. 

Burial  No.  178,  the  head  directed  toward  the  south,  lay  about  20  inches  beloAV 
the  surface,  on  a substance  seemingly  bark,  which  rested  on  the  undisturbed  clay 
at  the  bottom  of  the  grave.  This  substance,  about  an  inch  in  maximum  thickness, 
was  from  10  to  11  inches  in  width. 

At  the  right-hand  side  of  the  skeleton,  in  contact  with  part  of  it,  was  a circular 
staff  or  pole,  of  wood,  badly  decayed,  3 inches  in  diameter  at  the  end  nearer  the 
head,  and  2 inches  in  diameter  near  the  lower  end.  The  length  of  the  pole  was  5 
feet  4 inches,  when  first  noticed,  but  as  the  feet  of  the  skeleton  in  question  had 
been  cut  away  by  the  digger,  it  is  possible  that  part  of  the  staff  or  pole  also  had 
been  removed.  No  sign  of  metal  was  present  with  the  wood,  nor  was  there  any 
trace  of  strips  of  hide  bound  around  it.  Shafts  of  spears  of  modern  Indians  some- 
times were  ornamented  with  hide  cut  in  strips.  It  is  a question,  however,  con- 
sidering the  condition  of  the  bones  in  this  cemetery,  if  strips  of  hide,  had  they 
originally  been  present,  would  have  remained,  even  in  part,  to  the  period  of  the 
discovery  of  the  wood.  No  lancehead  was  found  in  association. 

16  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


122 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


At  the  left  side  of  the  skull  was  a mass  of  red  pigment  (iron  oxide)  and  nine 
gracefully  shaped  arrowpoints  of  chert. 

At  the  back  of  the  skull,  near  the  left  shoulder,  was  a vessel  of  earthenware. 

For  some  cause  which  we  are  unable  to  explain,  the  condition  of  the  hones  of 
the  three  extended  burials  was  much  better  than  that  of  the  other  bones  found  in 
this  cemetery,  though  these  burials  at  length  appeared  as  skeletons  only,  while  un- 
disturbed, and  crumbled  into  fragments  on  removal. 

One  other  burial  in  this  cemetery  was  of  special  interest. 

Vessel  No.  434,  an  undecorated  bowl  11  inches  in  diameter,  lay  over  a skull 
which  it  almost  covered,  34  inches  down,  at  the  bottom  of  a grave.  Above  it  in 
the  pit  were  partly  broken  vessels  which  had  been  thrown  aside  when  the  excava- 
tion for  the  urn-burial  was  put  down  through  the  burial  or  burials  with  which  these 
vessels  had  been. 

The  covering  of  the  isolated  skull  by  an  inverted  bowl  as  a form  of  burial  was 
practised  along  the  western  coast  of  that  part  of  Florida  which  belongs  to  the 
mainland.  Urn-burial,  we  may  say  incidentally,  was  not  in  vogue  in  peninsular 
Florida.1 

Evidently  it  had  been  the  custom  in  this  cemetery  to  place  mortuary  tributes 
practically  with  all  interments  of  human  remains,  as  objects  were  found  with  nearly 
all  the  burials,  and  when  they  were  not  present,  their  absence,  we  think,  could  be 
explained  through  aboriginal  disturbance,  or  the  likelihood  that  some  artifact  had 
been  with  a part  of  the  burial  now  gone  through  decay,  as  many  objects  lay  apart 
from  human  remains. 

We  shall  now  describe  all  artifacts  found  at  the  Keno  Place,  except  earthen- 
ware vessels  placed  with  burials  having  no  other  objects  in  association. 

Burial  No.  1,  fragments  of  bone,  had  near  it  an  earthenware  tobacco-pipe. 

Burial  No.  3,  remains  of  teeth.  With  these  were  an  earthenware  vessel  ; blue 
glass  beads;  remains  of  an  ornament  of  sheet-copper  or  of  sheet-brass,  reduced 
almost  to  the  consistency  of  paste,  which  had  been  wrapped  in  matting,  a part  of 
which  remained. 

Burial  No.  11,  fragments  of  skull  having  two  vessels,  one  on  each  side,  and  a 
fragment  of  a sheet-brass  ornament  with  matting  on  the  outer  side. 

Burial  No.  12,  teeth,  33  inches  down.  Fragments  of  an  elliptical  ornament  of 
sheet-brass  or  sheet-copper,  corroded  through  and  through.  This  ornament,  which 
lay  near  three  earthenware  vessels,  had  matting  on  the  outer  surface,  presumably 
part  of  the  general  wrapping  of  the  burial,  and  woven  fabric  on  the  inner  surface. 
The  ornament  had  been  suspended  by  strands  of  glass  beads,  which  extended  down- 
ward. The  stringing  material  had  disappeared. 

Burial  No.  20,  teeth.  Two  vessels  of  earthenware;  one  pipe. 

Burial  No.  25,  remains  of  a skull.  A knife  of  chert,  with  rounded  corners;  a 
double-bladed  chisel,  perhaps  of  metamorphic  rock,  3 inches  in  length ; a vessel  of 
earthenware. 

1 “Aboriginal  Urn-burial  in  the  United  States,”  by  Clarence  B.  Moore,  American  Anthropolo- 
gist, Oct. -Dec.,  1904. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


123 


Burial  No.  31,  teeth.  Two  earthenware  vessels  so  placed  that  evidently  they 
had  been  on  each  side  of  a skull ; fragments  of  sheet-copper  or  sheet-brass,  which 
also  had  been  placed  on  opposite  sides  of  the  skull  and  presumably  had  been 
ear-plugs. 

Burial  No.  33,  teeth.  Six  tubular  beads  of  sheet-brass,  badly  corroded,  each 
about  two  inches  in  length  when 
found  ; a small  elliptical  ornament 
of  sheet-copper;  two  earthenware 
vessels  on  one  side  of  where  the 
skull  had  been,  and  one  vessel  on 
the  other  side. 

Burial  No.  34,  traces  of  bones. 

Three  earthenware  vessels;  a bone 
implement  much  decayed ; sixteen 
small  flakes  of  chert. 

Burial  No.  37,  teeth.  Three 
vessels  of  earthenware;  thirty- 
eight  small  flakes  of  chert;  one 
pebble ; one  sandstone  hone  of 
the  class  which  excites  such  lively 
interest  in  the  explorer  when  first 
in  contact  with  his  trowel  and  such 
intense  disgust  when  brought  to 
the  light  of  day. 

Burial  No.  42,  fragments  of 
bone.  Three  earthenware  vessels ; 
a ceremonial  axe  of  sandstone,  7.75 
inches  in  length,  4.1  inches  across 
the  cutting  edge,  and  .6  of  an  inch 
in  maximum  thickness  (Fig.  119). 

We  consider  this  axe,  which  has  a 
perforation  to  aid  in  attachment,  to 
have  belonged  to  the  ceremonial 
class  on  account  of  the  material  of 
which  it  is  made,  as  it  is  evident 
t h at  s an  d ston  e w it h a s h arp  cutting 
edge,  such  as  is  present  on  this  axe, 
could  withstand  but  little  rough 

Usage.  pIG  — Ceremonial  axe.  Keno  Place.  (Length  7.8  inches.) 


Weave  indebted  to  Mr.  C.  C. 

Willoughby  for  the  information  that  there  are  several  perforated  axes  and  adzes  in 
Peabody  Museum,  Harvard  University,  one  of  which,  of  lignite,  from  a St,  Francis 
river,  Arkansas,  mound,  Mr.  Willoughby  considers  to  have  been  ceremonial,  owing 
to  the  non-resistant  character  of  its  material. 


124 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Burial  No.  44,  fragments  of  skull,  bits  of  long-bones.  Two  earthenware  ves- 
sels; glass  beads. 

Burial  No.  46,  fragments  of  bone.  A “celt”  of  medium  size,  given  to  Mr. 
Sandidge,  owner  of  Keno  Plantation. 

Burial  No.  71,  fragments  of  bone.  Three  vessels  of  earthenware  and  a “celt” 
5.5  inches  in  length. 

Burial  No.  81,  teeth.  Four  chert  pebbles ; two  vessels  of  earthenware. 

Burial  No.  83,  fragments  of  bone.  Glass  beads;  the  vessel  of  the  “teapot” 
variety,  coated  with  red  pigment,  referred  to  elsewhere  in  this  account  of  the  Keno 
cemetery. 

Burial  No.  90,  teeth.  Two  vessels  on  one  side  of  where  the  skull  had  been, 
one  on  the  other  side  ; one  hundred  and  fourteen  small  chips  of  chert. 

Burial  No.  93,  remains  of  a skull  and  part  of  a clavicle.  Corroded  brass  on 
the  remaining  part  of  the  clavicle  which,  no  doubt,  the  copper  salts  had  preserved. 

Burial  No.  94,  parts  of  a skull.  Two  earthenware  vessels;  glass  beads. 

Burial  No.  97,  teeth.  Glass  beads;  a small  mass  of  galena. 

Burial  No.  99,  bone  fragments.  A disk  of  brass,  8 inches  in  diameter,  which 
fell  into  bits  on  removal. 

Burial  No.  104,  teeth.  One  earthenware  vessel;  nine  flakes  of  chert. 

Burial  No.  Ill,  bone.  One  vessel;  four  flakes  of  chert. 

Burial  No.  118,  parts  of  a skull.  Four  vessels;  seventeen  chips  of  chert. 

Burial  No.  132,  parts  of  ribs.  Disk  of  brass,  4.75  inches  in  diameter,  lying 
upon  the  remaining  parts  of  the  bones. 

Burial  No.  145,  parts  of  a skull.  Two  chisels  wrought  from  chert  pebbles, 
each  about  3 inches  in  length. 


Fig.  120. — Hatchet  perforated  for  attachment.  Keno  Place.  (Full  size.) 


Burial  No.  150,  parts  of  a skull.  A chisel  1.5  inch  in  length;  a hatchet  of  a 
hard  rock,  possibly  metamorphic,  about  4 inches  in  length,  2.5  inches  in  breadth, 
.7  of  an  inch  in  maximum  thickness  (Fig.  120).  This  hatchet,  of  a rare  type,  having 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


125 


a perforation  to  aid  in  attachment  to  the  handle,  has  on  one  side  evidence  that  the 
hollow  drill  had  twice  been  started  without  accomplishing  its  purpose,  the  third 
attempt,  however,  having  been  successful.  On  the  opposite  side  is  a longitudinal 
groove  where  an  attempt  to  cut  through  the  stone  has  been  abandoned,  owing, 
probably,  to  a wish,  on  second  thought,  to  have  the  implement  somewhat  broader. 

Burial  No.  171,  teeth.  Three  earthenware  vessels ; glass  beads. 

Burial  No.  172,  parts  of  a skull.  Three  earthenware  vessels;  the  carapace  of 
a tortoise. 

Burial  No.  174,  parts  of  a skull.  Three  earthenware  vessels;  a pipe  of  earth- 
enware. 

Burial  No.  177,  teeth.  Two  vessels  of  earthenware  ; nine  thin  and  beautifully 
wrought  arrowheads  of  chert,  some  barbed  and  with  serrated  edges. 

Burial  No.  178  has  been  described  (page  121). 

Burial  No.  179,  parts  of  a skull.  Three  earthenware  vessels;  ten  delicately 
wrought  leaf-shaped  implements  of  chert,  ranging  between  1.5  and  2 inches  in 
length. 

Burial  No.  180,  teeth.  Four  small  chips  of  chert. 

Burial  No.  206,  remains  of  a skull.  One  earthenware  vessel ; glass  beads ; 
remains  of  a brass  ear-plug  on  each  side  of  the  head. 

Burial  No.  210,  parts  of  a skull  and  fragments  of  other  bones.  One  earthenware 
vessel;  eighteen  beautiful  arrowheads  of  chert;  an  axe  probably  of  sedimentary 
rock,  7.25  inches  in  length,  3.5  inches  across  the  cutting  edge  (the  maximum  width 
of  the  axe),  2 inches  across  the  opposite  end,  and  1 inch  in  maximum  thickness. 
This  axe  is  without  perforation. 

Burial  No.  214,  teeth.  Two  earthenware  vessels;  a brass  ring;  a few  chips 
of  chert. 

Burial  No.  215,  teeth.  Two  earthenware  vessels ; a trace  of  brass  or  of  copper. 

Burial  No.  218,  teeth.  Two  leaf-shaped  implements  of  cherty  material,  with 
serrated  edges,  one  8.25  inches  in  length  and  2.3  inches  in  maximum  width,  the 
other  5.75  inches  long  and  2 inches  in  greatest  breadth;  a small  chisel  wrought 
from  a chert  pebble. 

Burial  No.  223,  fragments  of  bone.  An  earthenware  pipe  ; five  shell  beads  ; an 
object  of  chert,  not  specifically  described  in  our  field  notes,  probably  a chisel. 

Burial  No.  224,  teeth  and  fragments  of  bones  of  a child.  A small  bell,  possibly 
a hawk-bell,  of  thin  sheet-brass;  an  annular  ornament  1.25  inch  in  diameter, 
of  thick  sheet-brass,  made  by  bending  over  the  sides  of  a strip  of  the  material 
until  they  almost  joined,  thus  forming  nearly  a circular  section,  and  then  bringing 
together  the  two  ends  to  form  a ring;  one  shell  bead  ; charcoal. 

Burial  No.  229,  fragments  of  bone.  A remnant  of  a tool  of  iron  or  of  steel. 

Burial  No.  233,  the  urn-burial,  has  been  described  elsewhere  (page  122). 

Burial  No.  238,  parts  of  a skull.  Two  earthenware  vessels;  a lump  of  hematite; 
five  flakes  of  chert,  and,  a few  inches  distant,  thirty-eight  flakes  of  the  same  material. 

Burial  No.  239,  parts  of  a skull.  Twenty-seven  graceful  arrowheads  of  chert ; 


126 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


m 


three  flakes  of  chert;  part  of  the  incisor  of  a beaver.  The  arrowheads  with  this  burial 
pointed  in  different  directions,  so  it  is  evident  they  had  not  belonged  to  a bunch  of 
arrows  when  buried ; a few  inches  from  the  pile  of  arrowheads  just  described  was 
another  pile  consisting  of  thirty-eight  points,  all  of  chert,  the  points  also  directed  in 
different  ways  ; a small  mass  of  hematite,  roughly  spheroidal. 

Burial  No.  243,  parts  of  a skull.  Glass  beads;  two  disks  of  brass,  each  2.3  inches 
diameter,  one  each  side  of  the  head.  These  disks  are  without  perforation. 

On  one  side  of  one  disk  are  tufts  of  black  hair, 
preserved  by  the  copper  salts,  which,  so  far 
as  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka,  and  Doctor  Miller  of  the 
Division  of  Mammals,  United  States  National 
Museum,  can  determine,  is  human  hair  (Fig. 
121). 

Burial  No.  246,  fragments  of  bone.  A per- 
forated ceremonial  axe  of  limonite,  much  deteri- 
orated, of  the  type  known  as  “ hoe-shaped,”  hav- 
ing in  places  a deposit  of  hematite,  dimensions 
7.25  inches  by  5.25  inches ; one  vessel  of  earth- 
enware. 

Burial  No.  250,  teeth.  Glass  beads  ; a peb- 

Keno  Place.  (Full  size.)  ble  of  chert. 

Burial  No.  252,  fragments  of  a skull.  Double-pointed  spike  of  iron  or  of  steel, 
8.75  inches  in  length  ; one  shell  bead. 

Burial  No.  253,  part  of  a skull.  Two  earthenware  vessels;  a mass  of  red  pig- 
ment (oxide  of  iron). 

Burial  No.  255,  teeth.  One  earthenware  vessel,  glass  beads. 

Apart  from  human  remains  (omitting  vessels  of  earthenware  not  found  asso- 
ciated with  artifacts  of  other  kinds)  there  came  from  the  Keno  Place  cemetery  : 

Glass  beads,  one  from  the  surface. 

Two  handsome  leaf-shaped  implements  of  cherty  material;  one,  7.5  inches  in- 
length  by  2.7  inches  wide;  the  other,  6.7  inches  long  and  1.4  inch  in  width;  also 
one  of  the  same  material  2.7  inches  long  by  .75  inch  wide. 

A “ spade-shaped  ” ceremonial  axe,  probably  of  metamorphic  rock,  6 inches 
long  by  4.75  inches  in  maximum  width,  approximately,  with  perforation  irregularly 
drilled. 

Five  “ celts,”  the  majority  of  sedimentary  rock,  the  largest  about  6 inches  in 


Fig.  121. — Brass  disk  with  human  hair  attached. 


length. 

An  elliptical  ornament  of  shell. 

A mass  a red  pigment  (iron  oxide). 

Fragments  of  corroded  sheet-copper  or  sheet-brass. 

One  chisel  made  from  a chert  pebble. 

A pendant  of  hematite  (Fig.  122). 

A deposit  consisting  of  twelve  small  chisels  wrought  from  pebbles  of  chert; 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


127 


two  beautifully  barbed  arrowpoints  also  of  chert;  a fragment  of  another  arrow- 
head; two  small  “celts”  seemingly  of  sedimentary  rock. 

In  all,  some  with  burials,  some  not  associated  with  human  remains  (though 
doubtless,  as  we  have  said,  all  objects  from  this  cemetery  had  at  one  time  been 
with  burials),  eleven  pipes  of  earthenware,  some  broken,  came  from  the  Keno 
Place,  six  of  which  are  shown  in  Figs.  123  to  128,  inclusive. 


Fig.  122. — Penrlantof  liema-  Fig.  123. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Keno  Place.  (Full  size.) 

tite.  Keno  Place.  (Full 
size.) 


Fig.  124. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Keno  Place.  (Full  size.) 


128 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  125. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Keno  Place. 
(Full  size.) 


Fig.  126. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Keno  Place.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  127. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Keno  Place.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  128. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Keno  Place.  (Full’size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


129 


Four  hundred  and  eighty-five  pottery  vessels  were  found  by  us  in  the  cemetery 
at  the  Keno  Plantation.  By  this  we  do  not  mean  that  this  number  of  vessels  were 
saved — tar  from  it — but  that  at  least  the  number  of  vessels  given  by  us  had  been 
placed  in  the  cemetery  by  the  aborigines.  How  many  others  had  been  plowed 
away  before  our  coming  or  what  number  had  been  crushed  by  aboriginal  distur- 
bance into  fragments  too  small  for  us  to  recognize  as  having  constituted  entire  ves- 
sels, we  are  unable  to  say. 

Our  enumeration  includes  all  whole  vessels,  and  all  broken  ones  provided  suf- 
ficient of  the  vessel  was  found  to  indicate  its  entirety  at  the  time  of  interment. 
Great  numbers  of  those  regarded  as  vessels,  however,  were  not  in  a condition  to 
save,  being  simply  crumbling  remains  of  parts  of  undecorated  vessels  of  common- 
place form  ; while  others  included  in  the  enumeration  were  simply  large  fragments 
of  undesirable  pottery  which  had  been  mutilated  by  the  plow. 

The  condition  of  the  vessels  in  this  cemetery  was  as  a rule  deplorable.  Mostly 
of  inferior  ware,  as  a rule  lacking  sufficient  tempering  to  make  it  durable,  and  often 
imperfectly  tired,  the  pottery,  after  long  soaking  in  water,  often  crushed  into  bits 
or  so  softened  that  it  fell  apart  on  removal,  or  in  places  clung  bodily  to  the  sur- 
rounding clay  (showing  the  soil  to  be  more  tenacious  than  the  ware),  was  in  an 
almost  hopeless  state  even  without  superadded  conditions  for  evil.  But  in  addition 
to  all  this  was  the  fact  that  owing  to  the  almost  complete  absence  of  bones  in  the 
cemetery,  we  were  rarely  able  to  come  upon  a burial  and  to  follow  it  up  with  the 
trowel,  as  our  custom  is  (and  thus  in  a fair  percentage  of  cases  to  come  gently  upon 
accompanying  pottery),  but  often  reached  vessels  first  with  the  spade,  and  in  a 
manner  we  do  not  approve. 

Furthermore,  the  tenacity  of  the  clay  prevented  thorough  sifting  and  con- 
sequent recovery  of  all  parts  of  broken  vessels. 

So  far  as  could  be  determined,  the  vessels  in  this  cemetery  had  been  placed 
near  the  head,  singly,  in  pairs,  three  together,  or  occasionally  in  groups  of  four, 
sometimes  all  on  one  side  of  the  skull,  sometimes  separated  by  it.  Once  a vessel 
had  been  placed  on  top  of  a skull,  its  base  resting  on  the  bone  ; and  to  one  side  of 
the  cranium  was  a vessel  inverted  over  another. 

Other  methods  of  arrangement  of  mortuary  accompaniments,  practised  by  the 
aborigines  who  used  the  cemetery  at  the  Keno  Place,  are  as  follows  : 

A single  vessel  standing  upright. 

Two  or  three  upright  vessels  together. 

One  or  two  upright  with  one  inverted  alongside. 

One  upright,  one  on  its  edge,  and  one  inverted. 

One  or  two  upright  with  another  on  its  side. 

A vessel  standing  on  its  base  with  two  others  on  their  sides. 

A single  vessel  inverted,  or  sometimes  an  inverted  pair,  side  by  side. 

An  upright  vessel  covered  with  a large  fragment  of  pottery. 

An  upright  vessel  having  another  inverted  over  it  or  over  part  of  it,  sometimes 
fitting  closely. 

17  JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


130 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


The  same  arrangement  with  the  addition  of  an  upright  vessel  alongside. 

An  upright  vessel  with  another  turned  over  it,  both  covered  with  a large  frag- 
ment of  another  vessel. 

Two  upright  vessels  each  with  another  vessel  inverted  over  it. 

Three  upright  vessels,  one  of  them  surmounted  by  another  vessel  inverted. 

An  upright  vessel  protected  by  two  others,  each  inverted  at  an  angle  to  bring 
the  upper  edges  in  contact. 

One  vessel  having  another  inverted  over  it.  With  these  a vessel  on  its  side 
with  another  so  tilted  that  the  aperture  of  the  vessel  on  its  side  was  closed  by  the 
base  of  the  other  vessel. 

A vessel  standing  vertically,  having  its  opening  closed  by  the  base  of  an  upright 
vessel ; alongside  of  these  a vessel  standing  vertically. 

The  same  arrangement  except  that  the  last  named  upright  vessel  had  another 
turned  over  it. 

Two  or  three  upright  vessels,  one  within  the  other. 

Two  upright  vessels,  one  within  the  other,  with  an  upright  vessel  alongside. 

Two  upright  vessels,  one  within  the  other,  both  covered  with  an  inverted  vessel. 

Two  upright  vessels,  one  containing  a small  inverted  vessel,  and  covered  with 
a large  fragment  of  another  vessel. 

Three  upright  vessels  together,  one  containing  another  upright  vessel,  and 
covered  with  a fragment  of  pottery. 

A vessel  on  its  side,  containing  another  one. 

In  sixteen  instances  fragments  of  musselshells  lay  within  vessels,  singly  except 
on  two  occasions  when  two  shells  were  present  together.  Once  a musselshell  rested 
on  the  rim  of  a vessel.  These  shells  were  too  badly  broken  for  identification,  except 
in  two  cases,  when  each  proved  to  be  Lampsilis purpuratus. 

On  several  occasions  the  carapace  of  the  tortoise  lay  within  vessels,  one  shell 
being  so  small  that  presumably  it  had  served  as  a spoon,  like  a musselshell,  and 
not  in  place  of  an  earthenware  vessel,  as  was  usually  the  case  in  the  Ouachita 
valley  region. 

Nearly  all  vessels  of  earthenware  from  the  cemetery  on  the  Keno  Place  were 
of  moderate  size.  In  some  groups,  found  with  bones  of  children,  all  the  vessels 
were  diminutive. 

Though,  as  we  have  said,  the  conditions  for  the  recovery  of  the  pottery  at  the 
Keno  Place  were  unfavorable,  a number  of  vessels  of  ware  superior  to  the  average 
were  recovered  in  fragments,  and  these  fragments  were  subsequently  carefully 
cemented  together,  and  restoration  made  when  necessary  and  unquestionable. 
These  vessels,  together  with  a few  found  whole  and  many  large  fragments  of  pot- 
tery, show  that  the  proportion  of  earthenware  bearing  decoration  was  greater  than 
that  in  many  cemeteries  of  the  Ouachita  region,  though  in  most  cases  the  decora- 
tion was  very  simple  and  crudely  executed.  One  could  wish  also  that  the  abori- 
ginal artists  had  to  a less  extent  confined  their  endeavor  to  the  scroll  and  to 

o 

combinations  of  the  scroll. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


131 


Vessels  from  the  Keno  Plantation  possess  several  features  worthy  of  note. 
The  length  of  neck  of  a number  of  the  bottles  is  unusual ; some  of  the  bottles  have 
a swelling  of  the  neck  similar  to  that  of  many  bottles  from  Glendora.  The  flat 
base  characteristic  of  the  pottery  of  the  Ouachita  region  was  not  so  markedly  present 
at  the  lveno  Place  as  it  was  in  some  other  localities. 

The  presence  of  a vessel  of  the  “ teapot”  variety,  coated  with  red  pigment, 
in  the  Keno  Place  cemetery,  is  interesting.  But  one  other  vessel  of  this  type  was 
found  bv  us  in  our  season’s  work.  It  came  from  Glendora,  as  stated  in  the  account 
of  the  cemetery  there,  and  bears  lined  decoration  on  black  ware.  We  have  said  in 
our  report  on  the  antiquities  of  the  Arkansas  river  that  vessels  of  this  type  are  found 
only  in  eastern  Arkansas  and  nearby  regions,  in  which  latter  territory  the  Keno 
Place  and  Glendora  are  included. 

Although,  as  we  have  said,  vessels  of  an  inferior  class  predominated  in  the 
cemetery  at  the  Keno  Place,  there  were  a number  of  notable  exceptions,  both  as  to 
shape  and  as  to  decoration,  and  these,  with  some  other  vessels  from  the  place,  less 
noteworthy  but  illustrative  of  the  pottery  of  the  region,  will  now  be  particularly 
described. 

Vessel  No.  430.  A bottle  of  brown  ware  (Fig.  129),  with  flat  base  and  swelling 
neck,  and  well  executed  decoration  of  trailed  lines,  forming  combinations  of  the  scroll. 


Fig.  129. — Vessel  No.  430.  Keno  Place.  (Height  4.9  inches.) 


132 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Vessel  No.  310.  Another  bottle  of  the  type  just  described  (Fig.  130).  This 
bottle,  with  several  others  from  the  Keno  Place,  is  of  the  same  type  as  many  from 
the  cemetery  on  the  Glendora  Plantation  on  the  Ouachita  river,  only  about  four 
miles  distant. 


Fig.  130. — Vessel  No.  310.  Keno  Place.  (Height  7.1  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  474.  A bottle  of  inferior  ware,  but  otherwise  resembling  some  of 
the  bottles  from  the  Glendora  cemetery.  Part  of  the  neck,  after  breakage  in  abori- 
ginal times,  has  been  carefully  smoothed  to  allow  continued  service  for  the  vessel 
(Fig.  131). 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


133 


Fig.  131. — Vessel  No.  474.  Keno  Place.  (Diam.  5.5  inches.) 


Fig.  132. — Vessel  No.  449.  Decoration.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


134 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Vessel  No.  449.  This  interesting  effigy-bottle,  with  four  legs,  a tail,  and  a neck 
in  place  of  an  animal  head  (Plate  VII),  in  some  respects  resembles  a vessel  from 
Arkansas  figured  by  Holmes,1  though  the  decoration  of  the  Arkansas  vessel  is  con- 
fined to  the  use  of  red  and  of  white  pigment.  The  bottle  from  the  Keno  Place,  on 
the  other  hand,  while  covered  with  beautiful  red  pigment  exteriorly  and  within  the 
neck,  has,  in  addition,  over  the  outer,  upper  surface  of  the  body,  an  incised  design 
consisting  of  a combination  of  scrolls  and  disks  in  cross-hatch  fields,  shown  in 
diagram  in  Fig.  132. 


Fig.  133. — Vessel  No.  370.  Keno  Place.  (Height  12.6  inches.) 

1 “ Aboriginal  Pottery  of  Eastern  United  States,”  20th  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Am.  Ethn.,  PI.  XL1I  b. 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.,  2ND  SER.,  VOL.  XIV. 


PLATE  VII. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

KENO  PLACE,  VESSEL  NO.  449.  (full  size.) 


Cockayne,  Boston. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


135 


Fig.  134. — Vessel  No.  370.  Decoration.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


Vessel  No.  370.  We  have  spoken  of  bottles  from  the  Keno  Place  resembling 
others  from  the  Glendora  cemetery.  In  Fig.  133  is  shown  a bottle  widely  diver- 
gent from  any  found  at  Glendora,  inasmuch  as  no  bottles  were  met  with  there  hav- 
ing other  than  short  necks,  while  the  neck  of  this  bottle  is  unusually  long,  being 
8.2  inches  out  of  12.6  inches,  the  entire  height  of  the  bottle.  This  bottle,  of  porous, 
yellow  ware,  bears  an  incised  decoration,  shown  in  diagram  in  Fig.  134,  consisting 
of  a scroll  arrangement  having  the  effect  of  a double  swastika.  The  base  of  this 
vessel  is  slightly  flattened. 


136 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  135. — Vessel  No.  422.  Keno  Place.  (Height  12.25  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  422.  Another  bottle,  similar  to  that  just  described,  the  neck  being 
8 inches  of  the  12.25  inches  of  the  total  height  of  the  bottle  (Fig.  135).  There  is  a 
slight  flattening  of  the  base.  The  decoration  consists  in  the  main  of  four  series  of 
incised,  concentric  circles. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


137 


Fig.  136. — Vessel  No.  427.  Keno  Place.  (Height  7.2  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  427.  A bottle  of  unusual  and  interesting  form,  having  a barrel- 
shaped  body  and  a short,  swelling  neck  indicating  the  compound  shape,  the  neck 
representing  a cup  which  has  been  superimposed  (Fig.  136).  The  decoration  con- 
sists of  a series  of  meanders.  The  ware  is  yellow  and  not  of  the  best  quality. 

18  JOURN.  A.  N.  s.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


138 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  137. — Vessel  No.  118.  Keno  Place. 
(Full  size.) 


Fig.  138. — Vessel  No.  174.  Keno  Place. 
(Height  8 inches.) 


Vessel  No.  118.  A diminutive  bottle  of  coarse,  yellow  ware,  with  a rudely 
executed  scroll  decoration  (Fig.  137). 

Vessel  No.  174.  A bottle  of  yellow  ware  (Fig.  138),  having  an  incised  design, 
live  times  shown,  consisting  of  two  concentric  circles  in  cross-hatch  between  cres- 
centic figures  also  in  cross-hatch,  each  series  of  crescentic  figures,  above  and  below, 
forming  a five-pointed  star. 

Vessel  No.  254.  A bottle  of  dark  ware,  compressed  vertically  as  to  the  body, 
to  form  an  equatorial  angle.  The  neck,  slightly  flaring  at  first,  then  contracting, 
ends  in  a horizontal  lip.  The  decoration,  present  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  body, 
consists  of  the  usual  scroll  (Fig.  139). 

Vessel  No.  169.  A bottle  of  common,  yellow,  porous  ware,  probably  a com- 
pound form,  with  flat  base  and  a fairly-long  neck  (Fig.  140).  The  decoration,  rudely 
executed  on  the  middle  and  upper  parts  of  the  body,  is  made  up  of  mushroom-like 
figures,  erect  and  inverted  alternately,  partly  surrounded  by  cross-hatch  bands. 

Vessel  No.  136.  The  body  of  a bottle,  of  brown  ware,  with  an  evenly  executed 
scroll  decoration  (Fig.  141). 

Vessel  No.  23.  A bottle  of  soft,  yellow  ware,  4.2  inches  in  height,  having  on 
the  body  two  scrolls  of  red  pigment,  and  two  of  white  pigment,  the  red  and  the 
white  scrolls  partly  interlocking.  The  neck  is  coated  with  red  pigment.  This  little 
vessel  may  well  be  an  importation  from  the  Arkansas  river  region,  where  bottles 
with  just  such  decoration  are  so  abundant. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY.  139 


Fig.  139. — Vessel  No.  254.  Keno  Place. 
(Height.  10.5  inches.) 


Fig.  140. — Vessel  No.  109.  Keno  Place. 
(Height  10.8  inches.) 


Fig.  141. — Vessel  No.  136.  Keno  Tlace.  (Iliam.  4.25  inches.) 


140 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  142. — Vessel  No.  359.  Keno  Place.  (Diara.  7.3  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  359.  A bowl  of  polished  black  ware,  bearing  an  incised  decoration 
shown  in  Fig.  142. 

o 


Fig.  143. — Vessel  No.  471.  Keno  Place.  (Height  7.4  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


141 


Fig.  144. — Vessel  No.  358.  ICeno  Place.  (Height  7 inches.) 

Vessel  No.  471.  A vase,  probably  unique,  of  compound  form,  representing  a 
short-necked  bottle  imposed  upon  a vessel  of  eccentric  shape,  having  a series  of  four 
projecting  lobes,  above  and  below  (Fig.  143).  The  ware  is  most  inferior.  The 
decoration,  faintly  and  rudely  executed,  consists  partly  of  the  scroll  and  partly  of 
parallel  lines  and  punctate  markings. 

Vessel  No.  358.  A bottle  of  inferior,  light-brown  ware,  with  tripod  support, 
somewhat  similar  to  a bottle  found  by  us  in  the  Glendora  cemetery.  The  legs, 
which  are  hollow,  communicate  with  the  body  of  the  vessel  by  means  of  series  of 
small  perforations  at  the  points  of  union,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Glendora  bottle. 
The  decoration,  coarsely  executed,  consists  of  the  usual  disks  and  scrolls  (Fig.  144). 


142 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  145. — Vessel  No.  426.  Keno  Place.  (Diam.  8 inches.) 


Fig.  146. — Vessel  No.  426.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


JOURN.  ACAD.  NAT.  SCI.  PHILAD.,  2ND  SER. , VOL.  XIV. 


PLATE  VIII. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 

KENO  PLACE,  VESSEL  NO.  383.  (full  size.) 


Cockayne,  Boston 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


143 


Vessel  No.  426.  A bowl  of  yellow  ware  (Fig.  145),  with  a handsome,  trailed 
meander-combination  shown  in  diagram  in  Fig.  146. 

Vessel  No.  383.  A bottle  of  good,  black  ware,  ovoid  body  with  flattened  base 
and  slight  swelling  of  the  neck  (Plate  VIII).  The  body  of  the  bottle  bears  a 
decoration  dividing  it  exteriorly  into  four  equal  parts  by  a like  number  of  series  of 
three  lines  each,  running  vertically.  Two  opposite  series  consist  of  unbroken, 
parallel  lines.  The  median  line  of  the  other  two  series  parts  somewhat  above  the 
middle  of  the  body,  while  the  including  lines  extend  outward  at  the  same  place. 
All  these  lines,  incised,  have  at  one  time  contained  brilliant  red  pigment,  which 
still  remains  in  places.  In  our  representation  of  this  bottle  the  color  is  shown  with 
slight  restoration  in  the  places  whence  it  has  disappeared  through  lapse  of  time. 

Vessel  No.  365.  A short-necked  bottle  of  soft,  yellow  ware,  5.2  inches  in 
height,  coated  over  the  exterior  with  red  pigment.  This  bottle  resembles  in  every 
way  many  found  along  the  Arkansas  river. 

Vessel  No.  431.  A bowl  of  porous,  yellow  ware,  6.3  inches  in  diameter,  which 
has  been  decorated  throughout  the  interior  with  crimson  pigment,  much  of  which 
still  remains.  Beginning  at  the  rim  an  encircling  band  of  similar  pigment  ex- 
tends downward  on  the  outside  a distance  of  1.75  inch.  On  two  opposite  sides  of 
the  aperture  are  projections  through  which  holes  for  suspension  have  been  made 
vertically. 

Vessel  No.  415.  A bowl  similar  to  Vessel  No.  431,  with  the  exception  that 
the  parts  devoted  to  suspension  are  absent. 

Vessel  No.  428.  A bottle  of  porous,  brown  ware,  5.2  inches  in  height,  with  a 
faint  incised  design  four  times  shown  (Diagram,  Fig.  147). 


Fig.  147. — Vessel  No.  428.  Decoration.  (About  two-thirds  size.) 


144 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  14S. — Vessel  No.  172.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


Fig.  149. — Vessel  No.  175.  Keuo  Place.  (Diarn.  5.75  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


145 


Vessel  No.  172.  A bowl  about  5.5  inches  in  diameter,  decorated  with  red  pig- 
ment inside  and  out,  now  worn  away  in  places,  has,  in  addition,  handsome  incised 
decoration,  mainly  the  current  scroll  and  disks,  in  a lined  field,  shown  in  diagram 
in  Fig.  148. 

Vessel  No.  175.  A bowl  of  well-smoothed  black  ware  (Fig.  149),  having  below 
the  opening  an  incised  decoration  consisting  mainly  of  the  scroll.  A faint  trace  of 
red  pigment  is  perceptible  in  places  in  the  lines. 

Vessel  No.  198.  A vessel  of  the  “ teapot”  variety,  5.6  inches  in  height,  coated 
on  the  outside  with  red  pigment.  This  “ teapot,”  and  one  from  the  Glendora 
cemetery,  as  we  have  said,  are  the  only  examples  of  the  type  found  by  us  along  the 
Ouachita  valley. 

Vessel  No.  341.  A circular  platter  6.25  inches  in  diameter,  of  yellow  ware, 
decorated  interiorly  below  the  margin  with  two  incised,  encircling  lines.  Over  the 
entire  exterior  is  an  incised  swastika  similar  to  that  shown  in  Fig.  151,  save  that 
no  cross-hatched  lines  are  present  in  the  design. 

Vessel  No.  435.  A beautiful  bowl  of  tine,  polished,  black  ware  and  of  graceful 
form  (Fig.  150),  bears  on  the  outside  an  interesting  combination  of  the  scroll,  the 
lines  of  which  have  been  accentuated  with  red  pigment. 


Fig.  150. — Vessel  Xo.  435.  Keno  Place.  (Diam.  5.5  inches.) 
19  JOURN.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA..  VOL.  XIV. 


146 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  151. — Vessel  No.  446.  Keno  Place.  (Diam.  7.8  inches.) 


Fig.  152. — Vessel  No.  271.  Decoration.  (About  half  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


147 


Vessel  No.  446.  A flat  bowl  of  light-brown  ware  (Fig.  151),  bearing  exteriorly 
as  decoration  a variety  of  the  swastika,  partly  shown  in  cross-hatched  lines. 

Vessel  No.  271.  A bottle  of  common,  yellow  ware,  from  which  most  of  the 
neck  is  missing.  The  decoration  is  made  up  of  four  similar  designs — concentric 
circles,  probably  sun-symbols.  On  tbe  outer  circle  are  dentate  markings,  possibly 
crests  of  the  plumed  serpent.  One  of  these  designs  is  shown  in  diagram  in  Fig.  152. 

Vessel  No.  479.  A vessel  5.9  inches  in  diameter,  with  hemispherical  body, 
flattened  base,  and  a short  neck,  slightly  flaring.  A coating  of  red  pigment  over 
the  exterior  of  the  vessel  and  on  the  interior  of  the  neck  has  largely  disappeared. 
In  addition  to  the  pigment,  there  has  been  incised  decoration  exteriorly  on  the  body 
and  on  the  neck,  consisting  of  the  usual  disks  and  scrolls,  much  of  which  has  dis- 
appeared through  disintegration.  On  two  opposite  sides  of  the  vessel  are  four  holes 
for  suspension. 


Fig.  153. — Vessel  No.  252.  Keno  Place.  (Diam.  5.1  iuches.) 


Vessel  No.  252.  A vessel,  much  resembling  a bottle  in  form,  of  porous, 
yellow  ware,  bearing  incised  designs  of  two  patterns,  each  four  times  shown,  pos- 
sibly conventional  representations  of  the  eye  (Fig.  153). 


148 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  155. — Vessel  No.  421.  Keuo  Place.  (Diatn.  5.25  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


149 


Vessel  No.  91.  A vessel  of  porous,  yellow  ware,  with  flat  base,  and  a trailed 
design  three  times  shown,  perhaps  representations  of  a pair  of  eyes  from  an  aborigi- 
nal point  of  view  (Fig.  154). 

Vessel  No.  421.  A vessel  resembling  a short-necked  bottle  in  form,  of  coarse, 
yellow  ware,  having  as  decoration  on  the  body,  three  incised  spirals  with  notched 
markings,  perhaps  originally  intended  to  represent  attributes  of  the  winged  serpent. 
Around  the  short,  contracting  neck  are  four  incised,  encircling  lines  (Fig.  155). 


Fig.  156. — Vessel  No.  371.  Keno  Place.  (Diarn.  6.7  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  371.  A vase  of  rather  soft,  yellow  ware,  with  flat  base,  having  as 
decoration  six  neatly- made  designs,  each  consisting  of  a spiral  combination  filled  in 
with  cross-hatch  lines  (Fig.  156). 

Vessel  No.  444.  A bowl  of  coarse,  yellow  ware,  8.25  inches  in  diameter,  hav- 
ing on  one  side  the  effigy  ol  an  animal  head,  perhaps  that  of  a dog,  looking  inward. 
The  opposite  side  of  the  bowl,  where  a conventional  tail  probably  was,  is  missing. 
On  the  body  of  the  bowl  is  a rude,  lined  decoration. 


150 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  157. — Vessel  No.  48.  Keno  Place. 
(Height  4.6  inches.) 


Fig.  158. — Vessel  No.  437.  Keno  Place.  Fig.  159. — Vessel  No.  373.  Keno  Place. 

(Diarn.  2.1  inches.)  (Full  size.) 

Vessel  No.  48.  An  ovoid  vessel  of  inferior,  yellow  clay,  with  flat  base  sur- 
rounded by  incised  lines,  between  which  and  similar  lines  at  the  apex  are  three 
meander  designs.  There  are  two  holes  for  suspension  (Fig.  157). 

Vessel  No.  437.  This  vessel,  of  soft,  yellow  ware,  with  flat  base,  possibly 
represents  a gourd,  though  the  presence  of  a double  stem  is  hard  to  explain  (Fig. 
158). 

Vessel  No.  373.  This  curious  little  object  of  unusual  form  is  unlike  anything 
found  by  us  elsewhere  in  the  Ouachita  valley  (Fig.  159). 

The  Keno  Plantation  is  but  four  miles  in  a straight  line  from  Glendora  on 
Ouachita  river.  Both  these  places  were  important  sites  ; both  contained  European 
artifacts;  they  had,  as  might  be  expected,  interesting  points  in  common,  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  they  showed  divergent  features. 

We  find  in  the  two  cemeteries  mortuary  deposits  of  pottery,  arranged  in  great 
diversity  of  grouping,  and  tributes  of  ornaments  of  brass  and  of  glass  beads,  placed 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


151 


with  the  dead.  The  earthenware  from  both  cemeteries  has  points  of  resemblance 
in  style  of  decoration,  though  artistic  workmanship  and  design  greatly  predominated 
at  Glendora.  A swelling  of  the  neck  is  common  to  a number  of  bottles  from  both 
cemeteries. 

On  the  other  hand,  vessels  with  markedly  long  necks,  which  are  so  conspicuous 
a feature  of  the  pottery  of  the  Iveno  Plantation,  were  not  found  at  Glendora.  In 
the  Keno  cemetery  were  numerous  tobacco-pipes ; Glendora  furnished  but  one. 
From  the  Keno  Place  came  large  deposits  of  exquisitely  shaped  arrowpoints ; but 
two  projectile  points,  both  coarsely  made,  were  found  at  Glendora.  At  the  Keno 
Place  were  types  of  axes  not  present  at  the  Glendora  cemetery. 

Cemetery  on  the  Ward  Place,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

The  plantation  known  as  the  Ward  Place  is  about  two  miles  in  a NE.  direc- 
tion from  Wardville.  This  plantation  has  been  divided  in  recent  times,  Mr.  T.  L. 
Day  owning  the  southernmost  portion,  on  which  he  resides. 

In  the  northeastern  corner  of  the  cultivated  field  on  Mr.  Day’s  place,  in  full 
view  from  the  road  and  in  sight  from  the  bayou,  was  a slight  rise  in  the  ground 
where  the  soil  was  darker  than  that  of  the  rest  of  the  field.  On  this  rise  were 
strewn  various  indications  of  aboriginal  occupancy. 

Trial-holes  almost  immediately  came  upon  human  remains,  and  with  the  aid 
of  considerable  digging,  an  irregular  area  about  50  feet  by  55  feet  was  found  to 
contain  burials.  It  is  possible  that  other  burials  lie  in  the  neighborhood,  but,  if 
so,  they  are  widely  scattered  and  probably  would  not  repay  the  extensive  digging 
necessary  to  find  them. 

The  area  to  which  reference  has  been  made  was  completely  dug  through  by 
us,  and  was  found  to  contain  thirty-one  burials,  none  at  a greater  depth  than  2.5 
feet,  and  most  of  them  considerably  nearer  the  surface. 

The  slight  elevation  in  which  the  burials  lay  was  composed  of  dark  soil  formed 
by  continued  occupancy.  Below  this  dark  soil  was  tough  red  clay.  The  burials 
had  been  placed  at  various  depths  in  this  clay,  and  the  distance  at  which  they  were 
from  the  surface,  of  course,  depended  on  the  depth  they  had  been  let  into  the  clay 
and  on  the  thickness  of  that  part  of  the  elevation  under  which  they  happened  to  be. 

As  the  presence  of  human  remains  at  this  place  was  unsuspected  previous  to 
our  visit,  and  as  the  bones  lay  below  reach  of  the  plow,  the  burials  found  by  us 
were  practically  intact,  and  consisted  of  thirty  skeletons  extended  on  the  back,  and 
one  aboriginal  disturbance. 

Of  the  full-length  burials  Number  6 had  the  right  foot  crossed  above  the 
left  ankle,  and  Number  17  had  the  right  forearm  flexed,  the  hand  resting  on  the 
shoulder,  near  the  skull. 

All  the  extended  burials  had  the  heads  in  a southerly  direction  (between  SE. 
by  S.  and  SSW.)  many  due  S.  The  burials  lay  about  parallel  to  the  bayou. 

It  was  evident  that  the  skeletons,  all  of  which  belonged  to  adults,  with  the 
exception  of  three  adolescents  and  two  children,  had  been  placed  in  the  ground 


152 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


when  denuded  of  flesh,  as  bones  were  often  out  of  place  and  small  bones,  in  some 
instances,  were  missing. 

Apart  from  burials  were  found  several  knives  and  arrowheads,  of  chert  and  a 
neatly-made  piercing  implement  of  bone,  round  in  cross  section,  about  4 inches  in 
length. 

o 

We  shall  now  describe  in  detail  all  objects  found  with  burials  at  this  place. 

Burial  No.  1 — a small  earthenware  vessel  near  the  skull. 

Burial  No.  2 — a vessel,  also  small,  at  the  right  wrist. 

Burial  No.  3 — a small  pot,  with  holes  for  suspension,  at  the  head;  five  tines  from 
deer-antler,  about  one  foot  from  the  head,  one  having  a groove  around  the  proximal 
end,  another  smoothed  exteriorly  and  hollowed  so  as  to  serve  as  an  arrowpoint.1 

Burial  No.  4 — an  earthenware  vessel  at  the  head  ; near  the  shoulder  a small, 
ellipsoidal  mass  of  hematite,  highly  polished,  but  without  groove  or  perforation; 
the  carapace  of  a tortoise. 

Burial  No.  5 — two  vessels  at  the  left  shoulder,  one  of  which  had  charcoal 
beneath  it;  at  the  right  elbow,  a musselshell  somewhat  broken,  with  a circular 
perforation  for  the  insertion  of  a handle. 

Burial  No.  6 — two  vessels  of  earthenware  near  the  skull,  one  a bowl  inverted 
and  covering  part  of  the  opening  of  the  other  vessel,  a pot. 

Burial  No.  7 — a small  vessel  near  the  head;  a tine  of  deer-antler,  worked  at 
both  ends  ; two  musselshells  [Lampsilis  anodontoides ) near  the  shoulder  and  thorax, 
having  each  a perforation  for  suspension  near  the  hinge. 

Burial  No.  9 — a small  pot  above  the  right  knee. 

Burial  No.  10 — a small  pot  at  the  head  ; two  piercing  implements  of  bone  at  the 
outer  side  of  the  right  humerus;  a small  musselshell  ( Quadrula  keros  dombeyana) 
over  the  left  elbow,  the  shell  having  a circular  perforation  for  use  as  a hoe. 

Burial  No.  11,  a child — a pot  near  the  skull. 

Burial  No.  12 — an  earthenware  vessel  near  the  left  shoulder. 

Burial  No.  13 — a pot  near  the  skull;  the  carapace  of  a tortoise  at  the  right 
shoulder;  beneath  the  right  humerus,  a musselshell  hoe. 

Burial  No.  14 — an  earthenware  vessel  at  the  side  of  the  left  knee  ; at  the  shin, 
a rude  disk  of  sedimentary  rock,  2.25  inches  in  diameter. 

Burial  No.  15 — three  vessels  together,  about  one  foot  from  the  skull. 

Burial  No.  16 — at  the  left  shoulder  and  head,  a heterogeneous  collection  as 
follows  : one  barbed  arrowpoint  of  chert,  with  the  point  missing;  one  chert  knife; 
twelve  pebbles  and  parts  of  pebbles  of  chert;  one  implement  of  bone  with  rounded 
point;  eight  tines  of  deer-antler,  some  cut  squarely  across  at  the  proximal  end  ; a 
number  of  bones  belonging  to  male  raccoons,  unworked  with  the  exception  of  three, 
which  have  the  proximal  ends  cut  off  and  the  other  ends  carefully  worked  to  sharp 
points.  An  implement  similar  to  those  in  question,  except  that  the  proximal  end 
remains  on  the  bone,  was  lately  figured  by  Mr.  Robert  F.  Gilder,2  as  having  been 
found  in  eastern  Nebraska.  Mr.  Gilder  describes  the  implement  as  a fish-hook. 

1 As  to  antler-points  shot  into  human  beings  see  Anthropological  Papers,  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  V ol.  III.  “ The  Lenape  Indians  of  Staten  Island”  ; by  Alanson  Skinner,  p.  15,  PI.  III. 

2 “ American  Anthropologist,”  Jan. -March,  1909,  plate  I— 2— fig.  a. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


153 


In  Fig.  160  we  show  the  implements  found  by  us,  and  one  of  the  un worked 
raccoon-bones.  It  will  be  noted  that  the  angle  of  the  worked  bones  is  hardly  such 
as  to  hold  a fish  unless  with  some  added  part. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  William  C.  Mills,  M.Sc.,  whose  archaeological  work  in 

Ohio  is  so  well  known,  for  the  information 
that  he  considers  bones  of  the  kind  in  ques- 
tion belonging  to  the  raccoon  and  to  the  bear, 
when  sharpened  at  the  end,  to  have  been  used 
as  awls ; and  that  he  obtained  at  the  Baum 
village-site  upward  of  125  of  these  imple- 
ments, and  more  than  half  as  many  of  the 
same  kind  at  the  Gartner  village-site. 

Burial  No.  17 — three  vessels  near  the 
skull. 

Burial  No.  19 — a musselshell  hoe  and  a 
rude  pot  of  earthenware,  near  the  skull. 

Burial  No.  20 — at  the  cranium,  a shell 
hoe  ( Quadrula  lieros  dombeyana ),  better  pre- 
served than  some. 

Burial  No.  21 — a bowl  near  the  head. 
Burial  No.  22 — a vessel  at  each  side  of 
the  head;  with  these  a shell  containing  a black 
substance  determined  by  Dr.  H.  F.  Keller  as 
follows : “ A mixture  of  finely  divided  car- 
bon and  carbonate  of  lime  and  contains  also 
smaller  amounts  of  phosphate  of  lime.  The 
carbon  appears  very  black  and  lustrous  under  the  microscope,  while  the  carbonate 
is  present  partly  in  pearly  scales  and  partly  in  an  earthy  form.  It  seems  probable 
that  the  material  is  the  charred  remains  of  bones.” 

Burial  No.  23 — a pot  near  the  skull. 

Burial  No.  24 — spread  out  in  a layer  beneath  the  skull,  which  rested  upon 
them,  was  a miscellaneous  collection  as  follows : twenty-two  tines  of  deer-antler, 
squarely  cut  off  at  the  proximal  ends ; two  arrowpoints  of  chert,  one  having  lost  a 
barb ; three  flat  masses  of  sandstone,  probably  hones;  eleven  implements  of  bone, 
some  with  rounded  points,  all  with  articular  parts  remaining;  ten  pebbles  of  chert ; 
nine  flakes  of  the  same  material. 

Burial  No.  25,  a young  child — at  the  head,  a pot. 

Burial  No.  26 — at  the  right  side  of  the  skull,  a pot  having  its  opening  covered 
with  the  carapace  of  a tortoise,  the  concave  side  uppermost ; four  small  chisels  made 
from  chert  pebbles,  each  about  2.5  inches  in  length,  three  with  highly  polished  cut- 


Fig.  160. — Raccoon  bone,  and  awls  made  from 
similar  bones.  Ward  Place.  (Full  size.) 


tins;  edsres. 

o O 


Burial  No.  27 — at  the  left  shoulder,  a pot  so  carefully  covered  with  a large 
fragment  of  another  vessel  that  no  soil  had  entered. 


20  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


154 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Burial  No.  30 — at  the  left  shoulder,  a bowl  inverted  over  a pot  in  which  was 
the  carapace  of  a tortoise. 

Burial  No.  31 — at  the  right  wrist,  a musselshell  hoe;  at  the  right  upper-arm, 
a large  fragment  from  an  earthenware  vessel,  covering  about  two-thirds  of  the  thorax. 
Under  this  fragment  was  a highly  polished  chert  pebble  and  a small  amount  of 
charred  material.  At  the  rmlit  of  the  skull  was  an  inverted  bowl. 

o 

Thirty-one  vessels  of  earthenware  were  found  in  the  cemetery  at  the  Ward 
Place,  the  number  accidentally  coinciding  with  that  of  the  burials. 

The  pottery  from  this  place  is,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  shell-tempered. 
The  form  usually  approximates  that  of  the  pot;  some  vessels  with  globular  or  semi- 
globular  bodies,  having  upright  or  flaring  rims,  were  encountered.  Curiously  enough 
the  bottle  was  not  found  in  this  cemetery,  if  we  except  a globular  vessel  which 
seemingly  had  been  the  body  of  a bottle,  but  which,  having  lost  the  neck,  had  the 
margin  of  the  fracture  carefully  smoothed. 

No  pigment  was  found  on  any  vessel,  and  decoration,  when  attempted,  almost 
invariably  consisted  of  some  combination  of  the  scroll,  rudely  incised. 

A few  vessels  from  this  place  will  be  described  in  detail. 


Fig.  161. — Vessel  No.  13.  Ward  Place.  (Diam.  6.3  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  13.  This  vessel,  of  hard,  yellow  ware  and  of  rather  interesting 
shape  (Fig.  161),  is  not  completely  made  plain  in  the  illustration  as  the  upper  part 
of  the  body  extends  downward  somewhat  after  the  manner  of  a mushroom.  The 
decoration,  incised,  consists  of  a meander  surrounding  disks  above  and  below,  alter- 
nately. Faint  cross-hatch  work  has  been  attempted  on  part  of  this  decoration. 

Vessel  No.  3.  A bowl  of  fairly  hard,  brown  ware,  with  flat  base  (Fig.  162), 
having  as  decoration  below  the  rim,  on  the  outside,  six  symbols,  perhaps  represent- 
ing the  eye,  one  of  which,  owing  to  lack  of  space,  is  but  partly  shown.  The 
remainder  of  the  exterior  is  occupied  by  a combination  of  scrolls,  the  upper  ones 
being  tilled  in  with  punctate  markings,  as  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  163. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


155 


Fig.  162. — Vessel  No.  3.  Ward  Place.  (Diam.  6.4  inches.) 


Fig.  163. — Vessel  No.  3.  Decoration.  (Almost  half  size.) 


156 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Vessel  No.  4.  A vessel  of  yellow  ware  (Fig.  164),  bearing  a decoration  akin 
to  a considerable  number  of  others  found  by  us  in  the  Ouachita  valley  region,  which 
we  believe  may  represent  the  eye.  This  decoration  is  shown  in  diagram  in  Fig.  165. 


Fig.  164. — Vessel  No.  4.  Ward  Place.  (Diam.  5 inches.) 


Fig.  165. — Vessel  No.  4.  Decoration.  (About  one-third  size.) 


To  the  north  of  the  field  belonging  to  Mr.  Day  is  another  that  formed  part  of 
the  Ward  Plantation  at  one  time,  but  is  now  the  property  of  Mr.  J.  Weinstein,  of 
Bastrop,  La.  The  soil  in  this  field  is  extremely  rich  in  places,  and  was  so  thickly 
covered  with  aboriginal  debris  and  artifacts  that  a collection  of  more  than  80  arrow- 
points,  lanceheads,  and  knives,  all  of  chert,  was  made  by  our  party  in  a compara- 
tively short  time. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


157 


Many  of  the  points  are  barbed  and  are  of  considerable  elegance  of  form  ; indeed, 
over  the  whole  Ouachita  valley  beautiful  projectile  points  are  abundant.  Among 
the  points  from  that  region  are  many  of  the  type  described  bj^  Mr.  Fowke1  as  stem- 
med, chipped  flints,  with  but  one  barb,  and  given  by  him  as  coming,  among  other 
places,  from  southwestern  Arkansas  and  Catahoula  Parish,  La. 

The  Weinstein  Plantation  was  carefully  dug  over  without  finding  trace  of  a 
cemetery. 

Cemetery  near  Seven  Pines  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

At  Seven  Pines  Landing,  otherwise  known  as  Miller  Landing,  two  plantations, 
are  divided  by  the  highroad,  that  of  Mrs.  T.  0.  Leavel,  of  Brodnax,  La.,  being  the 
northernmore. 

On  a part  of  the  plantation,  fallow  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  was  much  evidence 
of  aboriginal  occupancy,  and  at  one  place,  about  one-quarter  mile  NE.  from  the 
landing,  which  seemed  slightly  higher  than  the  surrounding  field,  were  many  small 
fragments  of  human  bone. 

Trial-holes  at  once  came  upon  burials,  and  after  much  digging  of  additional 
holes  and  converging  trenches,  an  irregular  area,  33  feet  by  42  feet  in  extent,  was 
defined  as  that  in  which  the  burials  lay.  This  ground,  largely  clay  in  places  and 
having  admixture  of  sand  in  others,  was  completely  dug  through  by  us,  following  the 
line  of  undisturbed  clay  beneath. 

Human  remains,  just  under  the  surface  at  times,  were  encountered  at  various 
depths,  the  deepest  being  found  in  a pit  whose  bottom  was  about  3 feet  from  the 
surface. 

The  bones  were  in  such  condition,  having  at  times  but  slightly  more  consistency 
than  moistened  sawdust  possesses,  that  the  form  of  burial  was  hard  to  determine. 
Skulls  were  found  singly  or  in  pairs  without  long-bones  in  association,  in  some 
cases,  while  in  other  instances  bones  were  unaccompanied  by  skulls.  On  four 
occasions  burials  at  length  were  indicated,  and  one  regular  bunched  burial  was 
encountered,  made  up  of  long-bones  which  had  been  piled  parallel  one  with  another. 
No  cranium  was  present  with  this  burial. 

One  of  the  full-length  burials  lay  at  a depth  of  slightly  less  than  three  feet. 
Later,  a circular  pit  for  a bunched  burial  had  been  put  down,  and  this  pit  had 
encroached  upon  part  of  the  earlier  grave  so  that  the  combination  of  the  two  had 
the  appearance  of  a pot-shaped  hole  with  a trough  extending  from  it — the  latter 
part  being  what  remained  of  the  grave  of  the  earlier,  or  full-length  burial. 

The  bunched  burial  in  this  combination  consisted  of  three  skulls  : one,  badly 
crushed,  at  the  bottom  of  the  pit;  one  just  above  it,  inverted  but  having  the  lower 
jaw  below  it,  and  partly  surrounded  by  three  femurs  placed  diagonally  and  by  frag- 
ments of  other  bones;  the  third  skull  lay  at  some  distance  from  the  others. 

No  other  burials  were  determined,  though  altogether  hones  were  encountered 
in  forty-two  places.  No  skeletal  remains  were  saved. 

1 “Stone  Art,”  Thirteenth  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Am.  Ethn.,  tig.  218,  p.  156. 


158 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  166. — Orna- 
ment of  claystone. 
Seven  Pines  Land- 
ing. (Full  size.) 


Fig.  167. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Seven  Pines  Landing. 
(Full  size.) 


Fig.  170. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Seven  Pines  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


159 


Exclusive  of  pottery,  but  little  in  the  way  of  artifacts  was  present  with  burials. 

With  fragments  of  bone  was  a chisel  3 inches  in  length,  neatly  chipped  from  a 
chert  pebble,  having  an  edge  beautifully  ground.  Two  earthenware  vessels  lay 
with  this  burial. 

With  another  burial  was  a ‘chisel  of  a fairly  hard,  line  grained  stone,  3.5  inches 
in  length. 

Burial  No.  34,  an  extended  skeleton,  had  two  vessels  at  the  head ; an  earthen- 
ware pipe  at  the  left  of  the  pelvis;  an  ornament  (Fig.  166),  probably  of  claystone, 
having  a part  extending  horizontally  at  one  end,  and  a decoration  consisting  of 
three  faint,  parallel,  encircling  lines  at  the  opposite  extremity.  This  ornament, 
badly  broken  when  found,  has  since  been  cemented  together. 

Four  pipes  of  earthenware  came  from  this  cemetery,  three  certainly  associated 
with  burials  and  the  fourth  probably  having  been  with  human  remains  at  one 
time.  All  are  shown  in  Figs.  167  to  170,  inclusive. 

The  vessels  of  earthenware  from  this  place,  thirty-nine  in  all,  lay  with  burials 
in  most  instances,  and  when  they  did  not,  their  position  was  presumably  a result  of 
disturbance  or  was  owing  to  bones  formerly  with  them  having  disappeared  through 
decay.  Their  position  was  usually  near  the  skull,  sometimes  singly,  never  more 
than  two  together.  Several  were  inverted  ; in  one  was  the  carapace  of  a tortoise, 
in  fragments.  Hardly  a vessel  was  recovered  entire,  and  the  great  majority  not 
only  were  crushed  into  fragments,  but  also  were  so  disintegrated  that  they  were 
impossible  to  preserve.  Tbe  ware,  shell-tempered  in  most  cases,  had  been  insuf- 
ficiently kneaded,  -so  that  the  distribution  of  the  tempering  material  was  uneven, 
and  later,  presumably,  tbe  paste  had  been  insufficiently  fired. 

Many  of  the  vessels  were  without  decoration,  while  the  ornamentation  of  others 
was  unambitious  in  design  and  rude  in  execution. 

The  following  vessels  are  the  most  noteworthy  from  this  place  : 

Vessel  No.  21,  a bottle  of  dark  ware  and  having  a flat  base  (a  characteristic  of 
nearly  all  the  vessels  from  this  place),  undecorated,  is  11.5  inches  in  height.  The 
neck,  converging  somewhat  toward  the  opening,  is  6 inches  in  length. 


Fig.  171. — Vessel  No.  20.  Seven  Pines  Landing.  (Length  6.6  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  20.  A trough-shaped  vessel  of  thick,  porous,  yellow  ware,  shown 
in  Fig.  171. 


160 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  172. — Vessel  No.  15.  Seven  Pines  Landing.  (Heiglit  4.5  inches.) 


Fig.  173. — Vessel  No.  14.  Seven  Pines  Landing.  (Diam.  5.6  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


161 


Vessel  No.  15.  A pot  of  inferior,  dark  ware,  with  flat  base,  having  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  body  an  incised,  intertwining  meander,  and  around  the  neck, 
bands  of  chevrons,  also  incised  (Fig.  172). 

Vessel  No.  30.  A pot  almost  the  counterpart  of  the  foregoing  with  the  excep- 
tion that  the  one  in  question  somewhat  exceeds  the  other  in  size. 

Vessel  No.  14.  This  vessel,  of  inferior,  yellow  ware  (Fig.  173),  has  an  incised 
decoration  similar  to  that  on  several  vessels  figured  as  coming  from  the  Ward  Place 
and  elsewhere  in  the  Ouachita  valley,  and  which  we  shall  consider  to  represent  the 
eye,  until  something  better  is  suggested. 

Several  other  places  on  Mrs.  Leavel’s  plantation,  which,  judging  by  debris  on 
the  surface,  were  likely  to  prove  places  of  burial,  were  carefully  dug  into  by  us 
but  without  success. 

About  1.5  mile,  following  the  road  from  Seven  Pines  Landing,  is  the  farm  of 
Mr.  T.  E.  Hudson,  who  resides  nearby. 

A field  about  ten  acres  in  extent,  forming  part  of  the  property  of  Mr.  Hudson, 

was  acquired  by  him  some  years  ago  from  Mr. 
V.  N.  Brodnax,  living  near  Brodnax,  La. 

This  field,  long  under  cultivation,  has  been 
celebrated  for  years  for  its  yield  of  plummet- 
shaped pendants  of  hematite,  a number  having 
been  found  by  Mr.  Brodnax,  and  at  least  a dozen 
by  Mr.  Hudson,  according  to  his  statement — all 
having  been  turned  up  by  the  plow.  There  is 
no  history  of  the  finding  of  human  bones  on  the 
site,  though  a cemetery  may  have  been  there  in 
the  past,  the  bones  having  been  destroyed  through 
cultivation,  the  hematite  pendants  remaining. 

One  of  these  pendants,  received  from  Mr. 
Hudson  by  Mr.  S.  J.  Harrell,  of  whom  we  shall 
have  occasion  to  speak  again  in  connection  with 
exploration  on  his  property,  kindly  was  presented 
to  us  by  Mr.  Harrell.  The  specimen,  neatly 
made,  3.5  inches  in  length,  has  a countersunk 
fig.  174.— Pendants  of  hematite.  Brodnax.  perforation  at  one  end.  Another  pendant  of 

the  same  sort  was  obtained  by  us  from  the  son 
of  Mr.  Hudson.  These  pendants  are  shown  in  Fig.  174. 

Much  digging  in  this  field  was  without  positive  result. 

Cemetery  near  Bray  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

In  a cultivated  field  forming  part  of  the  extensive  plantation  of  Mr.  S.  J. 
II  arrell,  who  resides  near  Mound  Landing,  and  of  whom  mention  has  just  been 
made,  is  a hardly  perceptible  elevation  about  one-half  mile  SSE.  from  Bray  Landing. 

21  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


162 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Mr.  Harrell,  who  had  visited  us  while  we  were  working  at  a neighboring  planta- 
tion and  had  become  acquainted  with  our  methods,  heard  from  employes  on  his  plan- 
tation of  the  finding  of  bits  of  bone  and  of  pottery  on  the  elevation  to  which  reference 
has  been  made. 

Assisted  by  a friend,  Mr.  Harrell  caused  to  be  dug  in  this  place  an  excavation 
about  6 feet  by  8 feet  in  extent,  finding  numerous  skeletal  remains,  including  eight 
skulls  which  crumbled  upon  removal.  With  these  skulls  were  several  pots  in 
small  fragments,  and  a vessel,  oblate-spheroidal  in  shape,  having  as  decoration,  in- 
cised interlocked  scrolls  made  with  a tool  causing  somewhat  the  effect  of  cord- 
marking. This  vessel  Mr.  Harrell  generously  offered  us,  and,  in  addition,  a small 
“celt”  found  with  some  of  the  bones. 

Having  ascertained,  with  the  aid  of  many  trial-holes,  the  area  in  which  human 
remains  were  to  be  found,  a circular  space  about  46  feet  in  diameter  was  surrounded 
by  our  men  and  completely  dug  through,  the  digging  being  carried  on  through  sandy 
clay  darkened  with  organic  matter,  to  a depth  where  undisturbed  yellow  clay  was 
encountered.  At  times  this  undisturbed  clay  was  but  18  inches  down,  but  occasion- 
ally pits  from  2 to  3 feet  in  depth  were  encountered. 

The  area  excavated  included  slightly  more  than  the  aborigines  had  devoted  to 
purposes  of  burial  and,  of  course,  surrounded  that  part  of  the  elevation  already  dug 
by  Mr.  Harrell. 

The  condition  of  the  bones  in  this  cemetery  varied  considerably,  most  of  them 
being  badly  decayed,  while  a few  were  fairly  well  preserved.  Many  of  the  bones, 
especially  the  skulls,  in  addition  to  the  ravages  of  decay,  had  suffered  through 
breakage. 

The  majority  of  bones  in  the  mound  were  not  in  any  particular  connection, 
but  were  scattered  throughout,  skulls  being  found  with  a few  bones  lying  near  them 
and  often  on  them,  hence  the  breakage.  Other  skeletal  remains  often  lay  alone  or 
in  small  aggregations  apart  from  any  skull.  Presumably  these  bones  were  not  held 
together  by  ligaments  at  the  time  of  burial  and  hence  were  interred  in  no  particular 
order,  for  though  some  of  the  bones  in  this  cemetery  had  been  disturbed  through 
cultivation,  and  some  had  been  scattered  by  aboriginal  disturbance,  yet  many  were 
found  at  too  great  depth  for  the  plow  to  have  reached,  and  no  disturbing  graves 
extended  below  them. 

The  bunched  burial,  or  rather  the  symmetrical  bunched  burial,  where  long- 
bones  were  piled  lengthwise,  had  not  been  attempted. 

Owing  to  the  bad  condition  of  most  of  the  bones  and  to  the  disarrangement  to 
which  reference  has  been  made,  it  was  impossible  to  take  exact  account  of  the  various 
burials.  However,  seventeen  burials  were  exactly  noted,  all  of  adults,  with  two  ex- 
ceptions— but  these  were  a small  proportion  of  the  interments  present  in  the  mound. 

Of  the  fifteen  adult  burials,  thirteen  lay  at  full  length  on  the  back  and  two 
were  extended,  face  down. 

The  heads  of  all  the  adult  burials  were  in  a southerly  direction  with  the  excep- 
tion of  three,  which  pointed  ENE. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


163 


At  the  bottom  of  a pit  in  the  central  part  of  the  cemetery  lay  Burial  No.  16 
(the  skeleton  of  a male,  we  are  informed  b}'  Dr.  Hrdlicka),  extended  on  the  back. 
The  state  of  preservation  of  the  bones  of  this  skeleton  was  excellent,  which  is  the 
more  remarkable  considering  the  condition  of  many  of  the  bones  in  this  cemetery. 
The  left  radius  was  somewhat  out  of  place.  All  the  bones  of  the  right  hand  and 
some  of  the  bones  of  the  left  hand  were  missing. 

Near  the  skull  were  many  fragments  of  charcoal  and  some  bits  of  burnt  shell 
and  of  calcined  bones,  which  latter  have  been  determined  probably  to  be  not  human, 
but  to  belong  to  the  deer. 

A tobacco-pipe  lay  at  the  left  side  of  the  jaw  of  this  skeleton.  At  the  left 
shoulder  was  a bottle ; and  over  the  right  hip,  a bowl.  Both  the  earthenware 
utensils  and  the  pipe  were  in  an  excellent  state  of  preservation,  as  were  the  bones 
of  a skeleton  lying  in  the  same  pit  with  Burial  No.  16,  but  somewhat  above  it. 

In  the  soil  in  this  cemetery,  sometimes  near  burials,  were  pebbles,  pebble- 
hammers,  and  a small  arrowpoint  of  chert. 

A scale  of  the  alligator-gar,  probably  used  as  an  arrowhead,  lay  near  human 
remains. 

Usually  with  burials,  and  often  in  contact  with  the  skull  (though  in  several 
instances  their  exact  position  was  not  noted,  owing  to  their  falling  in  masses  of  soil), 
were  eleven  pipes  of  earthenware,  eight  of  which  are  shown  in  Figs.  175  to  182, 
inclusive. 

One  of  these  pipes  has  two  perforations ; of  the  four  orifices  two  are  in  front 
of  the  base  on  which  the  bowl  rests  and  one  on  each  side.  These  perforations  have 
no  connection  with  the  hollow  part  through  which  the  smoke  passed,  but  undoubt- 
edly were  used  to  attach  ornaments  of  some  sort  to  the  pipe. 

Another  of  the  pipes  in  this  lot  has  the  bowl  and  the  portion  intended  to  receive 
the  stem  resting  upon  a thin  platform  projecting  on  all  sides.  The  part  of  this 
platform  which  projects  beyond  the  opening  for  the  stem  is  a restoration  which  was 
made  because  a corresponding  part  of  the  platform  extends  beyond  the  bowl. 

There  were  found  in  this  cemetery  twenty-six  vessels  of  earthenware,  of  which 
only  two  were  intact.  We  came  upon  also  a number  of  parts  of  vessels  that  had 
been  broken  and  scattered  by  disturbance,  recent  or  aboriginal.  The  vessels  were 
all  associated  with  human  remains,  and  in  every  case  but  two,  were  in  proximity 
to  crania. 

The  vessels,  as  a rule,  were  found  singly,  and  never  exceeded  two  with  a single 
burial.  The  ware  of  these  vessels,  some  of  which  had  shell-tempering  while  some 
were  without  it,  was,  as  a rule,  inferior  and  readily  acted  upon  by  the  dampness  of 
the  ground  in  which  they  lay.  Many  were  disintegrated  beyond  repair. 

In  form  the  vessels  had  flaring  necks  as  a rule,  and  without  exception,  we 
believe,  had  flattened  bases.  A single  bottle  was  found.  No  pigment  had  been 
used  on  the  vessels,  and  when  decoration  was  present  it  was,  as  a rule,  incised  and 
of  uneven  execution,  the  designs  being  the  scroll,  concentric  circles,  and  common- 
place arrangements  of  parallel,  straight  lines. 


164 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY 


Fig.  175. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Bray  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  176. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Bray  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  177. — Pipe  of  earthen  ware.  Bray  Landing.  (Full  size. 


Fig.  178. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Bray  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  179. — Pipe  of  earthen  ware.  Bray  Landing.  (Full  size. 


Fig.  180. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Bray  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  181. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Bray  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


Fig.  182. — Pipe  of  earthenware.  Bray  Landing.  (Full  size.) 


166 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Fig.  183. — Vessel  No.  25.  Biay  Lauding.  (Height  5.25  inches.) 


Vessel  No.  13.  A hemispherical  vessel  of  porous,  yellow  ware,  having  a flat 
base,  and  a circular  aperture  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  near  which  is  an  incised 
circle  with  a diameter  of  .25  of  an  inch.  This  vessel  represents  a gourd,  the  circle 
showing  where  a stem  is  supposed  to  have  been  detached. 

Vessel  No.  11.  A vessel  of  coarse,  yellow  ware,  2.7  inches  in  height,  much 
resembling  a gourd-form  and  similar  to  one  from  the  cemetery  on  the  Iveno  Planta- 
tion, with  the  exception  that  the  vessel  under  description  is  covered  with  a rude, 
lined  decoration  and  has  had  a base  of  some  kind,  now  missing. 

Vessel  No.  25.  A bottle  of  gray  ware  (Fig.  183),  with  flat  base,  rather  roughly 
decorated  with  encircling,  alternate  ridges  and  depressions,  similar,  though  inferior, 
to  a vessel  from  Missouri,  figured  by  Dr.  Evers.1 

Mound  and  Cemetery  on  the  Mound  Place,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

In  a large  cultivated  field,  in  sight  from  Mound  Landing,  on  property  of  Mr. 
J.  Howard  Michie  of  Mer  Rouge,  La.,  is  a mound  22  feet  in  height,  evidently 
domiciliary. 

The  mound,  about  140  feet  square,  at  the  base,  has  a summit-plateau  50  feet 
square,  approximately. 

1 “ Archaeology  of  Missouri,”  PI.  Ill,  Fig.  210. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


167 


The  sides  of  the  mound,  two  of  which  are  parallel  with  the  bayou,  do  not  face 
the  cardinal  points  nor  are  the  corners  of  the  mound  directed  toward  them. 

Eleven  trial-holes  in  the  summit-plateau  yielded  neither  bone  nor  artifact. 

About  75  yards  east  of  this  mound  is  a small  pool  of  water  which,  no  doubt, 
marks  the  site  of  an  excavation  made  at  the  time  of  the  building  of  the  mound. 

In  sight,  in  a northerlv  direction  from  the  mound,  is  a ridge  ending  in  an 

O'  J /OO 

eminence  about  7 feet  in  height,  which  evidently  has  been  greatly  spread  by  con- 
tinued cultivation.  Thickly  scattered  over  this  ridge  were  fragments  of  pottery 
(including  parts  of  several  earthenware  pipes),  seventeen  small  arrowheads  of  chert, 
chert  chips  and  other  debris.  A considerable  number  of  trial-holes  in  this  ridge 
were  without  return. 

Much  digging  was  done  by  us  in  other  parts  of  the  field  surrounding  the  mound, 
but  without  success  except  in  one  instance.  Immediately  beside  the  fence  which 
separates  the  field  from  the  highroad,  about  100  yards  N.  by  W.  from  the  principal 
mound,  was  the  remainder  of  a dwelling-site  that  had  been  mainly  cut  away  by  the 
road.  The  part  which  remained  had  been  so  greatly  spread  by  long-continued  cul- 
tivation that  it  was  but  little  above  the  level  of  the  field. 

Trial-holes  at  this  place  came  at  once  upon  burials  and  pottery,  and  the  small, 
irregular  area  adjoining  the  fence  was  then  completely  dug  out. 

Much  disarrangement  was  apparent  in  burials  found  near  the  surface,  and 
many  skeletons,  no  doubt,  had  been  entirely  plowed  away.  Of  fragmentary  remains 
no  account  is  taken  in  our  enumeration. 

Thirteen  skeletons  were  found,  all  of  adults,  all  extended  on  the  back,  the 
heads  directed  toward  various  points.  In  addition,  there  were  two  layers  of  bones, 
and  a bunched  burial  formed  from  the  skeleton  of  one  individual.  The  layers  con- 
tained respectively  fourteen  and  sixteen  crania.  In  the  larger  number  are  included 
four  skulls  not  immediately  placed  with  the  rest,  but  lying  somewhat  above  them 
in  the  same  pit. 

Also  were  found  singly  several  skulls  unconnected  with  other  parts  of  the 
skeleton,  and  with  two  or  three  of  these  skulls  were  earthenware  vessels.  Some  of 
the  crania  were  at  a depth  too  great  to  have  been  disturbed  by  cultivation.  Possibly 
the  position  of  these  skulls  was  the  result  of  aboriginal  disturbance. 

All  burials,  seemingly  had  been  made  in  pits,  the  deepest  of  which  was  46 
inches. 

The  condition  of  the  bones  was  such  that  none  was  preserved  with  the  excep- 
tion of  part  of  a cranium. 

Burial  No.  11,  an  extended  skeleton,  had,  at  the  skull,  a collection  of  objects 
more  numerous  than  interesting,  as  follows  : twenty  pebbles;  one  bit  of  earthen- 
ware; three  flakes  of  chert;  a flat  mass  of  sandstone;  a small,  flat  fragment  of 
sedimentary  rock,  apparently;  a small,  oblong  mass  of  petrified  wood. 

An  arrowhead  or  knife,  of  chert,  lay  apart  from  human  remains. 

With  the  burials  were  fourteen  vessels  of  earthenware,  all  in  fragments,  with 
two  or  three  exceptions.  The  vessels,  as  a rule,  lay  near  skulls,  though  one  was 


168 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


at  the  right  knee  of  a skeleton  and  one  at  the  upper  part  of  a left  femur.  In 
another  instance  two  vessels  with  a skeleton  lay  one  at  the  right  shoulder  and  one 
at  the  right  knee. 

The  ware,  with  one  exception,  is  without  shell-tempering;  and  no  decoration 
in  color  is  present  save  in  a single  instance. 

At  this  place,  except  in  one  case,  there  was  little  departure  from  the  common- 
place, in  either  form  or  decoration  of  earthenware  vessels. 

Certain  of  these  vessels  will  now  be  particularly  described. 

Vessel  No.  1,  the  body  of  a bottle  from  which  the  neck  lias  been  removed 
through  contact  with  a plow.  The  ware  is  coarse  and  unevenly  fired.  The  base 
is  flat.  The  decoration  consists  of  a five-pointed  star,  rudely  modeled  in  relief, 
having  a diameter  of  about  6.5  inches. 

Vessel  No.  7.  A bottle  of  gray  ware,  having  a flat  base  and  a most  unusual 
shape  of  body — possibly  a compound  form  (Fig.  184).  The  decoration  consists  of 
series  of  curved  trailed  lines  above  the  spaces  in  the  lower  part  of  the  body. 


Fig.  184.— Vessel  No.  7.  Mound  Place.  (Height  8.4  inches.) 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


169 


Vessel  No.  3,  a pot  7.2  inches  in  diameter,  badly  broken.  The  decoration,  in- 
cised with  a tool  but  having  somewhat  the  effect  of  cord-marking,  consists  of  vertical, 
parallel  lines  below  the  neck,  under  which  are  series  of  eight  concentric,  festooned 
lines  and  figures  of  triangular  outline,  each  made  up  of  parallel,  horizontal  lines, 
decreasing  in  length  toward  the  apex. 

In  a field  adjacent  to  the  one  in  which  were  the  mound  and  cemetery  we  have 
described,  a number  of  trial-holes  were  put  down,  resulting  in  the  finding  of  one 
skeleton  at  full  length  on  the  back,  the  head  directed  NE.  The  skull,  in  good  con- 
dition, was  sent  to  the  National  Museum. 

Cemetery  at  Linn  Grove  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

In  a cultivated  field  at  Linn  Grove  Landing,  near  the  road  which  borders  the 
bayou,  on  property  of  Mr.  N.  H.  Huff,  living  nearby,  are  many  evidences  of  aborig- 
inal occupancy.  A number  of  trial-holes  put  down  at  this  place  yielded  nothing. 
It  was  apparent  that  much  of  the  dark  soil  in  which  burials  might  be  found  had 
disappeared  through  cultivation  and  wash  of  rain,  and  we  were  assured  by  Mr. 
Huff*  that  in  the  past  many  human  bones  had  been  plowed  up  at  this  place. 

Immediately  outside  a fence  enclosing  that  part  of  the  field  where  the  cemetery 
is  said  to  have  been  was  a small  space  covered  with  grass,  between  the  fence  and 
the  highroad.  Here  we  found  one  extended  skeleton  and  a number  of  human  bones 
considerably  scattered. 

Mound  near  Linn  Grove  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish,  La. 

Following  the  road  leading  out  from  Linn  Grove  Landing,  about  1.5  mile,  one 
comes  to  a mound  in  full  view  from  the  road,  on  property  of  Mr.  A.  K.  Watt,  who 
resides  on  his  plantation  nearby. 

Th  is  mound,  about  8 feet  in  height  and  65  feet  across  its  circular  base,  built 
largely  of  clay,  had  been  greatly  dug  into  previous  to  our  visit.  Considerable  dig- 
ging by  us  in  such  space  as  remained,  and  careful  examination  of  parts  where 
previous  work  had  been  done,  yielded  no  indication  that  the  mound  had  been  used 
for  burial  purposes. 

Mounds  near  Wii.mot,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

Two  mounds  of  medium  size,  evidently  domiciliary,  one  said  to  contain  modern 
burials,  and  both  apparently  much  dug  away  previous  to  our  visit,  one  near  Wilmot, 
the  other  on  the  river  bank  somewhat  above,  were  not  investigated  by  us. 

Mound  at  Noble  Landing,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

Between  the  highroad  and  the  bayou,  in  full  view  from  the  water,  at  Noble 
Landing,  on  property  of  Mr.  T.  A.  Barnes,  who  lives  on  the  place,  is  a mound  4.5 
feet  in  height  and  42  feet  across  its  circular  base.  This  mound,  mainly  of  clay,  was 
dug  out  centrally  by  us,  and,  in  addition,  was  trenched  from  the  margin  inward 
without  encountering  bone  or  artifact. 

22  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


170 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Mounds  on  the  Carlock  Place,  Askley  County,  Ark. 

On  the  roadside  which  borders  the  bayou  is  a symmetrical  mound  on  the 
Carlock  Place,  12.5  feet  high  and  90  feet  across  its  somewhat  irregularly-circular 
base.  As  this  mound  had  been  used  as  a cemetery  in  recent  times,  the  owner,  Mr. 
T.  A.  Jackson,  of  Hamburg,  Ark.,  preferred  that  it  be  not  disturbed.  Mr.  Jackson, 
however,  placed  at  our  disposal  all  the  level  ground  of  the  plantation,  on  which  was 
an  extensive  dwelling-site  thickly  strewn  with  bits  of  musselshell,  fragments  of 
pottery,  and  other  debris. 

A large  number  of  trial-holes,  sunk  in  all  parts  of  this  site,  showed  the  super- 
ficial, loamy  soil  to  be  without  burials  at  the  present  time. 

In  the  field,  in  view  from  the  road,  is  a small  mound  of  clay,  which  also  con- 
tains modern  burials. 

Mound  on  the  Sherrer  Place,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

The  Sherrer  Place,  belonging  to  Dr.  F.  M.  Sherrer,  of  Portland,  Ark.,  is  about 
two  miles  in  a straight  line  WSW.  from  Portland,  but  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river. 

Behind  the  dwelling,  which  is  on  the  road  bordering  the  bayou,  are  the  remains 
of  a low  mound  of  clayey  sand,  over  which  cultivation  has  been  carried  on  for  many 
years.  In  addition  to  the  plowing,  which  has  reduced  the  mound  almost  to  the 
general  level,  the  mound  has  been  largely  dug  into  in  the  past. 

Ten  trial-holes,  which  were  greatly  extended  later  so  as  to  take  in  almost  the 
entire  mound,  were  put  down  by  us.  In  a number  of  places  bones,  including  five 
or  six  skulls,  were  encountered,  some  fragmentary  through  decay,  some  through 
recent  disturbance.  With  these  bones  were  no  artifacts. 

Apart  from  human  remains  was  a small  bowl  with  a flat  base,  coarsely  made 
and  without  decoration,  which  fell  into  fragments  on  removal. 

Mound  near  Portland,  Ashley  County,  Ark. 

About  one-half  mile  from  Alligator  Point  on  the  bayou,  whence  one  can  reach 
the  town  of  Portland  by  following  the  road  one  mile  approximately,  is  a mound  in 
a field,  in  sight  from  the  point. 

This  mound,  small  and  evidently  belonging  to  the  domiciliary  class,  judging 
from  its  shape,  had  been  dug  into  centrally  to  a considerable  extent  before  the  time 
of  our  visit,  by  a seeker  after  treasure,  it  was  said.  The  mound,  which  is  made  of 
raw,  yellow  clay,  was  not  investigated  by  us,  some  reluctance  having  been  shown 
by  the  owner  to  grant  us  permission  to  dig,  and  but  little  pains  having  been  taken 
by  us  to  induce  him  to  do  so  after  we  had  inspected  the  mound. 


REPORT 


Additional  Collection  of  Skeletal  Remains, 
from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana 


(Made,  and  presented  to  the  National  Museum,  in  1909,  by  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore) 


DR.  ALES  HRDL1CKA 


In  charge  of  the  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  United  States  National  Museum 


/ 


V-  , 


MAP  OF  PART  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY  AND 
BLACK  RIVER 

Scale  in mile's 

° <0  3 O *r-U  So 


1909 


REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL  REMAINS,  FROM 

ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 

(Made,  and  presented  to  the  National  Museum,  in  1909,  by  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore.) 

By  Dr.  Ales  Hrdlicka. 

In  charge  of  the  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  United  States  National  Museum. 


I. 

The  material  to  which  this  report  applies  consists  of  58  crania,  and  of  numer- 
ous bones  from  the  same  as  well  as  front  other  skeletons.  In  all  there  are  ninety- 
one  lots,  thirty-seven  of  which  are  from  Arkansas,  and  fifty-four  from  Louisiana. 
Those  from  Arkansas  come  from  a single  burial  place,  while  the  bones  from  Louis- 
iana were  gathered  from  seven  different  localities.  Details  concerning  these  places, 
the  modes  of  burial,  and  the  archaeology  of  the  graves,  are  given  in  the  preceding 
Memoir  by  Mr.  Clarence  B.  Moore.  The  localities  in  which  the  skeletal  remains 
were  found  are  shown  on  the  accompanying  sketch  map,  which  gives  also  those 
from  which  came  the  skeletal  material  described  by  the  writer  in  Mr.  Moore’s  last 
year’s  report1  and  to  which  frequent  reference  will  be  made  in  this  paper. 

The  skulls  and  bones  show  various  states  of  preservation,  but  for  the  greater 
part  they  are  more  or  less  imperfect.  None  of  the  specimens  is  mineralized,  or 
much  devoid  of  animal  matter.  All,  with  one  exception,  are  plainly  Indian  ; the 
exception,  a skull  of  a female  about  fifty  years  of  age,  with  moderate  “ flat-liead  ” 
deformation,  is  negroid.  This  skull,  in  all  probability,  is  that  of  a negro-Indian 
mixed-blood,  and  will  not  receive  further  consideration. 

The  majority  of  the  crania,  both  from  Arkansas  and  from  Louisiana,  exhibit 
artificial  deformation.  The  deformation  represents  both  of  the  two  varieties,  namely, 
occipital  flattening  or  cradle-board  compression,2  and  fronto-occipital  flattening 
(“  flat-head”  deformation).  The  forms  occur  together  in  some  of  the  localities,  but 
owing  to  some  insufficient  method  practised  to  produce  the  fronto-occipital  flatten- 
ing, they  are  not  always  clearly  distinguishable.  Each  variety  of  deformation  pre- 
dominates in,  but  is  not  limited  to,  a certain  type  of  people,  indicating  adoption  of 
customs  in  this  regard  by  some  of  the  groups. 

As  to  anthropological  identifications,  there  is,  notwithstanding  the  compara- 
tively large  number  of  specimens,  little  evidence  on  which  conclusions  can  be  based. 
The  crania  that  had  been  artificially  altered  in  form  are  to  a large  extent  useless 

1 “ Report  on  a Collection  of  Crania  from  Arkansas.”  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci Phila.,  1908, 
N 1 1 1,  pp.  558-563. 

2 See  writer’s  article  on  “ Artificial  Head  Deformation,”  Handbook  of  American  Indians,  Bull. 
30,  Bureau  of  Amer.  Etlinol. .Wash.,  1907,  Part  1,  p.  96. 


174  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


for  this  purpose.  Fortunately  there  are  also  skulls  that  exhibit  only  slight  deforma- 
tion, and  a small  number  of  wholly  normal  ones.  These  indicate,  for  the  region 
covered,  two  distinct  types  of  Indians. 

The  predominating  type  is  that  of  the  brachycephals,  known  partly  from  the 
previous  report.  These  people,  it  appears  from  the  material  last  collected,  ranged 
in  stature  from  moderate  to  well-developed,  with  good  though  not  pronounced  mus- 
cular development.  They  were  probably  the  people  among  whom  prevailed,  and 
who  communicated  to  their  neighbors,  the  intentional  fronto-occipital  deformation. 

The  other  type,  less  well  represented,  indicates  Indians  of  stature  and  strength 
similar  to  those  of  the  people  just  mentioned,  but  with  oblong,  mesocephalic  to  doli- 
chocephalic skulls.  They  were,  in  all  probability,  remnants  of  a relatively  large 
local  strain  of  dolichocephals  mixed  with  the  more  numerous  round-headed  people. 
They  exhibit  the  occipital,  cradle-board  head-flattening,  but  they  practised  also 
fronto-occipital  compression.  The  physical  characteristics  of  these  people,  so  far  as 
they  can  yet  be  isolated,  approach,  on  one  hand,  those  of  the  more  northerly  tribes 
of  Missouri,  Illinois,  and  parts  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and,  on  the  other,  those 
of  more  westerly  and  southwesterly  tribes,  represented  in  northern  Texas  and 
especially  by  the  oblong-headed  type  among  the  Pueblo  Indians.  The  prevalent 
occipital  flattening  of  the  skull  would  point  likewise  to  a connection  with  the  south- 
west and  the  northeast.  However,  no  great  weight  can  be  placed  on  this  latter 
feature  alone,  for  it  represents  a custom  which  could  be  communicated  from  one 
tribe  to  another,  rather  than  a fixed,  organic,  hereditary  condition. 

In  addition  to  the  collections  referred  to,  there  were  found,  on  examination  of 
the  older  gatherings  from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  in  the  National  Museum,  a few 
crania  which  resemble  very  closely  the  sub-type  of  the  eastern  Algonquians. 

Barring  the  element  last  mentioned,  the  tribal  mixture  under  consideration,  in 
all  its  more  important  characteristics,  is  closely  related  to  the  people  of  Arkansas 
and  Jefferson  counties,  Arkansas,  whose  skeletal  remains  Mr.  Moore  uncovered 
during  his  investigations  of  the  year  before.  The  short-headed  type  is  doubtless 
identical  in  both  series. 

Numerous  long-bones  and  several  of  the  skulls  in  Mr.  Moore’s  collection  of  1909 
give  manifest  signs  of  a constitutional  disease,  seemingly  syphilis.  Other  specimens 
from  the  collection,  now  partly  in  the  National  Museum  and  partly  in  the  Army 
Medical  Museum,  show  osteo-arthritis,  marginal  exostoses,  and  effects  of  fractures 
or  dislocations  ; there  are  two  tibia?  with  abnormal  curvature,  and  four  bones  with 
lesions  indicating  localized  suppurative  processes.  However,  notwithstanding  the 
specimens  last  mentioned,  there  appear  no  definite  signs  of  rickets  or  of  tuberculosis, 
and  no  instance  occurs  of  bone  tumor  or  of  necrosis  of  bone. 

On  account  of  the  varied  character  of  the  material,  the  detailed  report  which 
follows  must  necessarily  deal  with  the  specimens  by  localities  only.  It  gives  numer- 
ous results  of  measurements  and  observation,  both  interesting  and  important,  which 
have  not  been  touched  upon  in  the  preceding  remarks  and  which  show  the  value  of 
Mr.  Moore’s  most  recent  collection. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


175 


Nevertheless,  the  data,  even  when  supplemented  with  those  bearing  on  the 
older  collections  in  the  National  Museum,  from  this  part  of  the  country,  fall  far 
short  of  covering  the  territory  of  the  two  States,  and  allow  but  little  perspective  in 
point  of  time.  They  afford,  however,  a substantial  step  toward  the  elucidation  of 
the  anthropology  of  Arkansas  and  Louisiana,  and  should  stimulate  further  careful 
collection  of  the  skeletal  remains  of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  these  regions. 

II. 

ARKANSAS. 

Mr.  Moore’s  collection  from  Arkansas  in  11)09  was  made  at  Boytt’s  Field, 
Union  county,  and  comprises  the  list  of  specimens  given  below. 

Sexual  recognition  offers,  as  usual,  some  difficulties,  but  owing  to  the  presence 
in  many  cases  of  long-  and  other  bones,  it  is  possible  to  carry  the  identification  to 
within  a very  small  margin  of  possible  error.  In  age  estimates,  the  uncertain 
“approximate  age  in  years,”  such  as  was  employed  in  last  year’s  report,  is  replaced 
by  references  to  defined  periods  of  life,  determinations  of  which  are  safe  and  scarcely 
less  serviceable. 


Skulls  and  Bones  from  Arkansas. 


Locality 

Specimen 

Original  No. 

Museum  No. 

Sex 

Period  of  Life* 

Boytt’s  Field,  Union  Co. 

Bones 

A 

255.133 

Female 

Adult 

‘ ‘ 

4 4 

,133a 

Male 

4 4 

Skull  and  bones 

2 

.123 

4 4 

Young  adult 

( ( 

4 ‘ 

3 

.125 

4 4 

Middle-age  adult 

< ( 

Skull 

4 

.152 

4 4 

4 4 

( ( 

Skull  and  bones 

5 

.124 

4 4 

4 4 

( 1 

Skull 

6 

.144 

Female 

4 4 

4 ( 

Bones 

7 

.132 

Male 

Adult 

Skull  and  bones 

8 

.122 

Female 

Middle-age  adult 

‘ ‘ 

10 

.121 

Male 

4 4 

Bones 

10 

,121a 

4 4 

Adult 

Skull 

11 

.130 

Female 

Young  adult 

Skull  and  bones 

12 

.143 

4 4 

Middle-age  adult 

‘ ‘ 

13 

.127 

Male 

Near  adult 

Bones 

14 

.139 

4 4 

Adult 

Skull  and  bones 

17 

.126 

4 4 

Young  adult 

4 4 

18 

.129 

Female 

Middle-age  adult 

4 4 

4 4 

19 

.141 

Male 

Aged  adult 

4 ( 

Bones 

20 

.134 

4 4 

Adult 

4 4 

4 ‘ 

21 

.138 

4 4 

4 4 

4 < 

‘ 4 

21 

,138a 

4 4 

4 4 

t 4 

Skull  and  bones 

22 

.120 

Female 

Middle-age  adult 

Bones 

23 

.131 

Male 

Adult 

Skull 

24 

.145 

4 4 

Middle-age  adult 

Bones 

28 

.142 

4 4 

Adult 

4 4 

32 

.140 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

33 

.136 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

34 

.135 

4 4 

4 4 

Skull 

36 

.151 

Female 

Middle-age  adult 

Skull  and  bones 

37 

.119 

Male  (?) 

Young  "adult 

Bones 

40 

.137 

Female 

Adult 

4 4 

Skull 

41 

.147 

4 4 

Middle-age  adult 

4 4 

43 

.149 

Male 

4 4 

4 4 

Skull  and  bones 

52 

.128 

4 4 

Young  adult 

4 4 

Skull 

53 

.146 

Female 

Middle-age  adult 

4 4 

54 

.150 

Male 

4 4 

55 

.148 

Female 

Aged  adult 

* “Young  adult’’  = 23-40  years  of  age  : basilar  suture  closed  ; eruption  of  permanent  teeth  finished  ; wear  of  teeth  slight  to  moderate  ; 
no  synostosis  externally  in  the  normal  sutures  of  the  cranial  vault. 

Middle-age  adult’’  — 40-55  years  of  age:  teeth  worn  off  moderately  to  medium;  various,  generally  minor,  grades  of  synostosis 
externally  in  the  sutures  of  the  vault. 

“Aged  adult"  = exceeding  55  years  of  age  : teeth  worn  off  considerably  ; synostoses  in  sutures  advanced  or  complete. 


176  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


As  seen  from  the  table,  the  specimens  represent  24  male  and  12  female  full- 
grown  individuals.  The  predominance  of  males  may  be  accidental. 

Of  crania,  13  males  and  10  females  are  represented.  Among  the  male  skulls, 
3 are  normal,  6 show  slight  to  pronounced  occipital  and  4 slight  to  considerable 
fronto-occipital  flattening  ; while  among  the  females  3 also  are  normal,  2 show 
occipital  flattening,  and  5 fronto-occipital  compression.  Additional  details  regard- 
ing; the  deformations  will  be  found  in  the  first  table  of  measurements. 

Five  of  the  crania  and  numerous  bones  show  indications  of  syphilis,  arthritis, 
or  other  pathological  conditions  ; an  itemized  account  of  these  forms  is  given  in  a 
succeeding  chapter. 

There  are  only  a few  anomalies  of  a more  important  nature,  even  if  the  teeth 
and  dentition  are  included  in  the  consideration.  In  male  skull  No.  255.119  the 
basilar  process  shows  on  the  right  side  a pronounced  lateral  fissure  to  within  0.8 
cm.  of  the  median  line.  In  male  skull  No.  225.124  the  right  nasal  hone,  triangular 
in  shape,  reaches  only  a little  above  the  middle  of  that  on  the  left,  its  absence 


Crania  from  Arkansas— Measurements  Relating  to  Form 

Males 


Museum 

No. 

Deformation 

Diameter 

amero-poste- 

Diameter 

lateral 

Basion- 

bregma  height 

Cephalic 

index 

Height-length 

index 

Height-breadth 

index 

rior  maximum 

maximum 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

255.119 

16.7 

14.7 

14.1 

88.0 

84.4 

95.9 

.126 

17.6 

14.8 

14.0 

84.4 

79.5 

94.6 

.149 

.121 

Considerable 
occipital  compres- 

17.3 

(15.7) 

14.3 

(15.2) 

13.5 

(13.7) 

82.7 

2 

78.0 

94.4 

sion 

.123 

Moderate 

(16.9) 

(14.6) 

i> 

( Probably 

occ.  corap. 

mesocephal) 

.124 

Medium  fronto- 

(16.4) 

(15.7) 

(14.3) 

2 

occ.  comp. 
Slight  occ.  comp. 

Meso-  or  low 
brachyce- 

.125 

(17.3) 

( 14.2) 

(13.8) 

phal) 

.127 

Traces  of  frontal 
with  considerable 

( 15.9) 

(15.4) 

(14.6) 

2 

occ.  comp. 

.12S 

Medium  fronto- 

(16.2) 

(15.9) 

? 

2 

occ.  comp. 

.141 

Moderate 

(17.6) 

(15.1) 

(14.8) 

(Nearly  bra- 

occ.  comp. 

chycephal) 

.145 

Pronounced 

(17.3) 

(15.7) 

Probably 

occ.  comp. 

mesocephal) 

.150 

Moderate  lateral 

(17.7) 

(14.8) 

(14.3) 

Meso-  or  low 
brachyce- 
phal 

occ.  comp. 

.152 

Pronounced 

( 16.9) 

(16.1) 

(14.5) 

2 

fronto-occ.  comp. 

REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


177 


farther  up  being  compensated  partly  by  the  left  nasal  and  partly  by  the  nasal  pro- 
cess of  the  right  superior  maxilla.  In  male  skull  No.  225.141  the  glenoid  fossm, 
especially  the  right,  are  unusually  narrow  antero-posteriorly. 

Dental  and  numerous  other  minor  anomalies  will  be  referred  to  later. 

In  their  anthropological  characteristics  the  bones  from  Boytt’s  Field  do  not 
show  differences,  either  in  proportions  or  in  form,  clearly  enough  to  enable  separation 
into  more  than  one  type.  Yet  the  skulls  are  not  homogeneous.  All  the  normal 
crania,  and  a number  of  those  the  shape  of  which  has  been  artificially  altered, 
belong  clearly  to  the  brachycephalic  type  of  people  known  already  from  the  Menard 
and  Greer  cemeteries.  A number  of  the  deformed  skulls,  however,  show  distinctly 
that,  were  it  not  for  the  artificial  shortening,  they  would  have  to  be  classed  as 
mesocephalic  or  even  as  dolichocephalic.  It  is  these  skulls  which  remind  one  so 
forcibly  of  the  cranial  type  known  from  some  of  the  Pueblos.  In  the  further  treat- 
ment of  the  material  it  would  be  desirable  to  separate  these  skulls  and  the  related 
bones  from  the  crania  and  bones  of  the  brachycephals  ; but,  as  the  identification  of 
these  specimens,  and  particularly  of  the  bones  from  the  skeletons  where  no  skull  is 
present,  is  uncertain,  and  as  there  are  probably  also  present  intermediate 'forms  due 
to  admixture,  such  separation  is  not  practicable. 

Measurements. — The  data  obtained  by  measuring  the  skulls  have  been  sepa- 
rated, as  in  last  year’s  report,  into  several  convenient  groups.  The  tables  (pp.  176, 
177)  present  those  that  relate  more  directly  to  the  form  of  the  skull. 


Crania  from  Arkansas — Measurements  Relating  to  Form 

Females 


Museum 

No. 

Deformation 

Diameter 
antero-poste- 
rior  maximum 

Diameter 

lateral 

maximum 

Basion- 
bregma  height 

Cephalic 

index 

Height-length 

index 

Height-breadth 

index 

cm. 

cm . 

cm . 

255 . 1 20 

16.7 

13.9 

? (fair) 

S3. 2 

f 

? 

.143 

16.8 

13.8 

13.6 

S3.1 

80.9 

98.5 

.148 

17.0 

14.4 

13.6 

84.7 

80.0 

94.4 

.122 

Moderate  fronto- 

(16.3) 

(15.0) 

? 

2 

occ.  comp. 

.129 

Moderate 

(16.6) 

(about  14.3) 

(about  14.5) 

(Meso-  or 
dolichoce- 

occ.  comp. 

phal) 

.Slight  frontal 

.130 

with  moderate 

(15.8) 

(14.6) 

(13.6) 

occ.  comp. 

Slight  frontal 

.144 

with  pronounced 
occ.  comp. 

(15.4) 

(15.3) 

(13.6) 

.146 

Slight  fronto- 

(16.1) 

(11.6) 

? 

(Probably 

brachyce- 

phal) 

occ.  comp. 

.147 

Slight  fronto- 

(16.9) 

(14.7) 

(12.7) 

V 

occ.  comp. 

.151 

Slight  occ.  comp. 

(16.6) 

(14.7) 

i> 

V 

23  JOURN.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


178  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


The  non-deformed  skulls,  it  is  seen,  besides  being  rounded,  are  all  relatively 
high,  in  which  respect  they  further  resemble  those  from  Arkansas  and  Jefferson 
counties,  described  in  last  year’s  report ; and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they  belong 
to  the  same  general  group  of  people.  From  additional  material  in  the  National 
Museum,  it  appears  that  the  same  type  prevailed  also  in  Drew  and  Mississippi 
counties,  Arkansas. 

The  deformed  specimens  show  varying  grades  of  compensation  in  breadth  and 
height  for  the  artificially  diminished  length,  the  skull  acting  under  the  process 
much  like  an  elastic  bag  Idled  with  liquid.  The  several  deformed  crania  which 
permit  the  discernment  of  a more  oblong  type  represent  doubtless  a mixture  of  the 
above,  dominant,  with  a strong  additional  tribal  element.  Similar  oblong  heads 
occur  also  in  parts  of  Drew  and  Mississippi  counties.  Furthermore,  from  Pecan 
Point,  and  from  near  Bardstone,  in  the  latter  county,  there  are  extant  individual 
non-deformed  skulls,  of  an  unknown  period,  presenting  the  type  of  the  eastern  and 
southeastern  Algonquian  crania. 

Size. — The  principal  dimensions  of  the  crania  from  Boytt’s  Field  agree  fairly 
well  with  those  observed  in  the  skulls  from  the  Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries,  but 


Measurements  of  the  Arkansas  Crania  Relative  to  Their  Size. 


Cranial 

Circumference 

Sex 

Deformity 

Nasion- 

left  parietal 

No. 

Capacity* 

module  ( mean 

(above  supra- 

opisthion  arc 

(above  squa- 

diameter) 

orbital  ridges) 

mous  suture) 

C.C. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

mm. 

255.119 

Male 

None 

1475 

15.17 

50.1 

35.0 

4-6 

.126 

‘ ‘ 

? 

(fair) 

15.47 

50.9 

35.0 

5 

.149 

‘ ‘ 

? 

(subniedium) 

15.03 

49.0 

35.0 

4-6 

.121 

Occipital  flattening 

1310 

14.87 

48.5 

? 

4-6 

.123 

? 

(medium) 

? 

49.1 

36.2 

4-6 

.124 

Fronto-occ.  flattening 

1480 

15.37 

49.3 

34.1 

4-6 

.125 

Occipital  flattening 

1315 

15.10 

49.3 

35.7 

4-6 

.127 

Fronto-occ.  flattening 

1455 

15.30 

48.0 

34.4 

4-6 

.12S 

? 

(fair) 

? 

49.3 

? 

4-6 

.141 

Occipital  flattening 

1670 

15. S3 

52.7 

37.3 

5-6 

.145 

? 

(medium) 

? 

52.3 

? 

4-6 

.150 

“ “ 

1470 

15.60 

50.1 

35.5 

5-7 

.152 

Fronto-occ.  flattening 

? 

(fair) 

15.83 

51.3 

34.3 

5-7 

.120 

Female 

None 

? 

(medium) 

? 

47.5 

33.3 

4-6 

.143 

‘ ‘ 

14.73 

47.7 

35.0 

5-7 

. 14S 

‘ ‘ 

? 

(fair) 

15.00 

49.6 

35.1 

4-6 

.122 

Fronto-occ.  flattening 

? 

(medium) 

? 

48.2 

32.7 

5 

.129 

Occipital  flattening 

15.13 

49.0 

35.2 

5-7 

.130 

Fronto-occ.  flattening 

‘ ‘ 

14.67 

4/  ./ 

34.0 

4-6 

.144 

“ “ 

‘ ‘ 

14.77 

48.3 

? 

5-7 

.146 

“ “ 

‘ ‘ 

? 

48.5 

? 

4-6 

.147 

“ “ 

‘ ‘ 

14.77 

49.5 

34.2 

4-6 

.151 

Occipital  flattening 

1280 

? 

48. S 

? 

(6-7) 

7 it 

IO) 

13) 

I0) 

13) 

Aver- 

ages 

1455 

15.  j 6 

50.0 

35.2 

5 

Males 

(1310-1670) 

(14.87-15.83) 

(48.0-52.7) 

(34.1-37.3) 

(4-6  to  5-7) 

(with 

minima 

6) 

7) 

9)  _ _ 

and 

maxima) 

Females 

14.84 

(14.67-15.13) 

4S.5 

(47.5-49.6) 

34.2 

(32.7-35.2) 

5 .3 

(4-6  to  5-7) 

* Measured  with  dry  mustard-seed  in  accordance  with  the  writer’s  method  described  in  Science , n.  s.,  xvii,  June  26,  1903,  pp.  1011-1014. 
t Number  of  cases. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


179 


there  are  also  a few  that  are  more  capacious.  Only  one  of  the  specimens,  however, 
can  be  termed  large,  namely  that  of  1670  c.c.  capacity.  In  15  additional  Arkansas 
crania  in  the  National  Museum,  in  which  it  could  be  determined,  the  capacity 
ranges  in  9 males  from  1360  to  1600  c.c.,  and  in  6 females  from  1180  to  1395  c.c. 

The  capacity  of  the  skull  generally  bears  a relation  to  the  stature  of  the  indi- 
vidual, and  the  stature  can  he  judged  approximately  from  the  long-bones,  particu- 
larly the  humerus  and  the  femur.  One  or  both  of  the  femora  are  present  in  live  of 
the  males  with  known  skull  capacity.  Their  length  and  relations  to  the  capacity 
are  as  follows  : 


Relation  of  Skull  Capacity  to  Stature 


Male  Skull 
No. 

Cranial  Capacity 

Bicondylar  length  of  right 
femur  of  same 
individual 

Femoro-cranial  index  (=  c.  c.  of 
skull  capacity  per  i.o  cm. 
of  femoral  length) 

c.  c. 

cm. 

255.121 

1310 

45.7 

28.7 

.125 

1315 

43.3 

30.4 

.127 

1455 

42.1 

34.6 

.124 

1480 

46.0 

32.2 

.141 

1670 

48.2 

34.6 

Averages 

1 446 

45.1 

32.1 

These  interesting  data  unfortunately  apply  to  too  few  specimens  to  be  of  great 
value,  particularly  for  type  comparison.  It  may  be  stated,  however,  that  the 
average  bicondylar  length  of  the  right  femur  in  the  white  American  male  of  the 
Eastern  states  approaches  45.0  cm.,  and  the  cranial  capacity  1500  c.c.,  which  would 
give  an  average  femoro-cranial  index  of  about  33.3,  a ligure  slightly  higher  than 
that  in  these  Indians. 

The  average  module  (mean  diameter  of  the  skull),  the  greatest  horizontal  cir- 
cumference above  the  ridges,  and  the  nasion-opisthion  arc,  all  show  in  both  sexes 
slightly  lower  averages  than  in  whites.  The  thickness  of  the  parietal  bone  is  not 
excessive,  but  it  will  be  noticed  that  it  averages  slightly  more  in  the  females  than 
in  the  males,  even  if  we  omit  the  unusually  thick  skull  No.  255.151.  This  is  not 
general  among  Indians,  although  rather  thick  female  crania  are  met  with  in  all  the 
larger  Indian  skeletal  collections. 

The  relation  in  the  two  sexes,  of  the  average  module,  and  of  the  circumference 
and  antero-posterior  arc,  is  almost  identical  for  the  three  measurements,  being  as 
96  (females)  to  100  (males)  for  the  module,  and  as  97  to  100  for  both  the  other 
measurements. 

For  capacity,  however,  the  difference  in  the  relation  would  be  larger. 

Facial  parts. — It  is  regrettable  that  the  facial  parts  of  many  of  the  skulls,  in- 
cluding nearly  all  the  females,  are  imperfect  or  wanting.  Nevertheless,  those 
that  remain  show  a number  of  features  of  considerable  interest.  In  the  first  place 
the  facial  measurements,  and  especially  the  indices,  are  considerably  alike  through- 
out the  series,  notwithstanding  evident  diversity  in  the  form  of  the  crania.  Sec- 


180  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


ondly,  botli  the  upper  and  the  lower  facial  index  are  perceptibly  lower  than  in  the 
series  of  Arkansas  skulls  described  in  Mr.  Moore’s  last  report.  This  is  due  to  the 
generally  lesser  height  of  the  face,  i.  e .,  the  height  of  the  alveolar  point  to  nasion 
line,  in  the  present  series. 

The  lower  jaw  also  is  relatively  low,  so  that  the  average  index  of  the  upper 
face  is  slightly  more  leptoprosopic  than  that  of  the  face  as  a whole. 

The  breadth  of  the  face  is  quite  moderate  throughout  the  series.  In  two  of  the 
males  a deformation  of  the  vault  has  a decided  effect  on  the  bizygomatic  diameter 
and  consequently  on  the  facial  indices.  These  measurements  and  indices  are 
bracketed  in  the  accompanying  table. 


Measurements  of  the  Arkansas  Crania  with  Reference  to  the  Facial  Parts 


Museum 

No. 

Sex 

Defor- 

mity 

of 

vault* 

Total 
height 
of  the 
face 

Alveo- 

lar 

point- 

nasion 

height 

Diam- 

eter 

bizy- 

gomatic 

maxi- 

mum 

Facial 

index, 

total 

Facial 

index, 

upper 

Nose : 
height 
(mean  of 
that  from 
nasion  to 
the  nasal 
notches) 

Nose  : 
breadth 
(maxi- 
mum) 

Nose  : 
index 

Orbits  : 
height,! 
right  left 

Orbits  : 
breadth,! 
right  left 

Orbits  : 
index, 
right  left 

Palate  : 
external 
length  1 

Palate  : 
external 
breadth  t 

Palate : 
index  f 

255.119 

Male 

cm. 

11.6 

cm. 

6.9 

cm. 

13.8 

84.1 

50.0 

cm. 

5.0 

cm. 

2.55 

51.0 

cm.  cm. 
3.45  3.60 

cm.  cm. 
4.00  3.95 

86.2  91.1 

cm. 

5.5 

cm. 

6.2 

112.7 

.126 

‘ ‘ 

— 

12.2 

7.3 

14.3 

85.3 

51.0 

5.2 

2.8 

53.8 

3.50  ? 

4.10  ? 

S5.4  ? 

(6.2) 

p 

? 

.149 

4 ‘ 

— 

11.3 

6.9 

13.7 

82.5 

50.4 

4.7 

2.4 

51.1 

3.15  3.30 

4.00  4.00 

7S.7  82.5 

5.4 

6.1 

113.0 

.121 

4 4 

O.  C. 

? 

6.9 

(14.2) 

? 

(48.6) 

? 

4.9 

2.6 

53.1 

3.45  3.50 

3.90  3.90 

88.5  89.7 

5.3 

6.5 

122.6 

.123 

o.  c. 

12.0 

7.1 

? 

f 

4.8 

2.45 

51.0 

? 

? 

? 

5.3 

6.5 

122.6 

.124 

4 4 

f-o.  c. 

? 

7.1 

14.0 

? 

50.7 

5.0 

2.45 

49.0 

3.80  3.70 

4.00  3.95 

95.0  93.7 

6.0 

6.7 

111.7 

.125 

o.  c. 

11.8 

7.2 

13.9 

84.9 

51.S 

4.9 

2.6 

53.1 

3.50  3.50 

4.20  4.10 

83.3  85.4 

5.8 

6.3 

108.6 

.127 

4 4 

f-o.  c. 

11.7 

6.9 

13.3 

88.0 

51.9 

4.8 

2.35 

48.9 

3.10  3.15 

3.90  3.75 

79.5  S3. 7 

5.4 

6.7 

124.1 

.128 

4 4 

f-o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

f 

? 

? 

2.35 

? 

? 

P 

? 

5.6 

7.1 

126.S 

.141 

4 4 

o.  c. 

11.5 

6.8 

13.6 

84.6 

50.0 

4.85 

2.45 

50.5 

3.65  3.55 

4.00  4.05 

91.2  87.8 

5.8 

6.5 

112.1 

.145 

4 4 

0.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

f 

? 

p 

f 

? 

? 

f 

5.8 

7.1 

122.4 

.150 

4 4 

o.  c. 

11.7 

7.3 

14.1 

83.0 

51.8 

5.35 

2.5 

46.7 

3.30  ? 

4.10  ? 

80.5  ? 

5.5 

6.3 

114.4 

.152 

f-o.  c. 

12.0 

7.2 

(15.2) 

(78.9) 

(47.4) 

5.25 

2.8 

53.1 

3.70  3 . SO 

4.10  4.10 

90.2  95.1 

5.5 

6.7 

121.8 

255.120 

Female 

11.2 

7.0 

12.5 

S9.6 

56.0 

4.8 

2.5 

52.1 

? 

? 

? 

? 

p 

? 

.143 

< ( 

— 

10.9 

? 

? 

? 

? 

4.4 

2.6 

60.0 

? 

P 

f 

p 

p 

? 

.148 

( ( 

— 

? 

? 

? 

f 

? 

? 

? 

f 

? 

? 

? 

? 

p 

f 

.122 

( ( 

f-o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

p 

p 

? 

.129 

( ( 

o.  c. 

11.9 

7.3 

? 

? 

? 

4.9 

2.7 

55.1 

3.40  3.25 

3.90  3.90 

S7.2  83.3 

6.0 

6.7 

111.7 

.130 

( ( 

f-o.  c. 

11.1 

6.5 

? 

f 

f 

4.7 

2.5 

53 .4 

? 

P 

? 

5.3 

6.2 

117.0 

.144 

1 ( 

f-o.  c. 

? 

? 

13.2 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

f 

.146 

( ( 

f-o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

f 

? 

? 

2.2 

f 

? 

? 

? 

P 

? 

? 

.147 

( ( 

f-o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

•? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

P 

? 

? 

P 

f 

.151 

( ( 

o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

f 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 3.35 

? 3.65 

? 91.8 

? 

P 

f 

* O.  c.  = occipital  compression  ; f-o.  c.  = fronto-occipital  compression.  f Broca’s  method.  % Turner’s  method. 


The  nasal  index  is  mesorhynic  in  the  main,  but  reaches  to  slight  platyrhyny. 
The  females  appear  to  he  somewhat  more  platyrhynic  than  the  males,  due  princi- 
pally to  a lesser  height  of  the  nose.  In  the  skulls  from  the  Menard  and  Greer 
cemeteries  the  nasal  index  is  almost  invariably  lower,  due  to  a greater  height  of  the 
nose,  accompanying  the  greater  height  of  the  upper  face.  In  so  far  as  the  breadth 
of  the  nose  is  concerned,  the  last  year’s  series  of  crania  and  those  now  under  con- 
sideration are  much  alike. 

In  the  nasal  dimensions  and  index  there  is  no  perceptible  difference  between 
the  oblong  and  the  rounded  skulls  from  Boytt’s  Field. 

The  orbital  measurements  present  nothing  extraordinary.  The  indices  show 
rather  a wide  range.  This  is  probably  due  in  part  to  the  existence  of  the  vault 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


181 


deformations  which,  when  present  in  a high  degree,  are  not  without  effect  on  the 
shape  of  the  orbits.  The  measurements  and  indices  of  both  orbits  are  given  in  the 
present  report  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  very  frequent  differences  in  the  same 
observed  in,  but  by  no  means  limited  to,  the  Indians.  These  differences  are  some- 
what characteristic,  in  that  the  left  orbit  is  frequently  the  higher  and  narrower, 
giving  an  index  greater  than  in  the  right;  but  there  are  also  cases  in  which  the 
condition  is  reversed.  A similarly  great  variation  in  the  orbital  index  is  notice- 
able in  the  skulls  from  Arkansas  described  in  the  last  report. 

The  palate  again  shows  predominantly  brachyuranic.  As  in  the  case  of  all 
the  other  facial  measurements,  there  can  be  isolated  no  distinct  types  correspond- 
ing to  the  separate  forms  of  the  skull. 

Other  Measurements. — Special  attention  has  been  given  to  the  determination 
of  prognathism,  and  as  it  is  important  to  show  separately  the  alveolar  slanting,  an 
additional  measurement  used  in  the  series  described  last  year,  namely,  a diameter 
from  basion  to  the  middle  of  the  nasal  notches,  has  been  employed. 

The  total  facial  angle,  or  more  properly,  the  basi-facial  angle — the  angle  be- 
tween the  basion-alveolar  point  line  and  the  line  from  alveolar  point  to  nasion — 
ranges  in  ten  of  the  male  skulls  (the  only  ones  in  which  it  could  be  determined) 
from  66°  to  74°.  The  alveolar  angle,  or  that  between  the  basion-alveolar  point 
line  and  the  line  from  the  alveolar  point  to  the  middle  of  the  nasal  notches  (the 
inferior  boundary  of  the  nasal  height),  differed  in  the  same  individuals  between  48° 
and  67°.  The  variation  in  the  latter,  it  is  seen,  is  perceptibly  greater  than  in  the 
former,  showing  that  the  inclination  of  the  upper  alveolar  process  in  this  series 
depends  more  on  that  of  the  facial  parts  behind  and  above  it  than  on  any  causes 
inherent  in  itself  or  in  the  teeth. 

No  similar  measurements  are  as  yet  available  for  comparison  with  whites  but 
it  is  certain  that  both  the  facial  and  the  alveolar  average  prognathism  is  in  the 
Indians  somewhat  greater  than  in  the  whites,  though  less  than  in  the  American  or 
African  negro,  or  in  the  Melanesian. 

Measurements  of  the  frontal  bone  show  that  the  diameter  frontal  minimum  is 
not  considerable.  It  ranges  in  the  thirteen  males  from  8.7  to  10.2  cm.,  with  the 
average  of  9.6  cm.,  while  in  the  ten  females  it  measures  from  8.6  to  10.2  cm.,  the 
average  being  9.3  cm.  The  sex  differences  are  not  very  material.  It  was  further- 
more noticed  that  this  measurement  shows  but  little  direct  relation  with  the  breadth 
of  the  skull ; i.  e .,  the  breadth  of  the  skull  and  the  breadth-length  index. 

The  diameter  frontal  maximum  is  of  service  only  in  the  non-deformed  skulls, 
being  more  or  less  altered  in  all  cases  in  which  either  fronto-occipital  or  occipital 
compression  is  present. 

The  main  diameter  of  the  foramen  magnum  ranges  from  3 to  3.5  cm.  in  six  of 
the  males  where  it  could  be  measured,  and  from  3 to  3.3  cm.  in  three  of  the  females. 

The  lower  jaw  shows  only  moderate  dimensions.  The  bigonial  diameter  varies 
in  nine  males  from  9.9  to  11.2  cm.  and  in  seven  females  from  9.5  to  10.7  cm.  The 
average  height  of  the  symphisis  is  3.65  cm.  in  the  males  (3.2  to  3.9  cm.),  and  3.45 
cm.  (3.1  to  3.6  cm.)  in  the  females.  The  angle  shows  very  little  difference  in  the 

1 A large  series  is,  however,  promised  by  Dr.  Rivet,  who  arrived  independently  at  measuring  the 
basi-facial  angle  in  a similar  manner.  See  “ L’ Anthropologic,”  XX,  1909,  35  et  seq.,  and  175  et  seq. 


182  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


two  sexes,  averaging  120°  (107°  to  128°)  in  ten  males,  and  122°  (110°  to  128°)  in 
eight  females.  It  is  clear  that  the  lower  jaw,  except  for  its  slightly  smaller  dimen- 
sions, is  of  little  nse  for  sexual  identification  in  this  series  of  skulls. 

Observations  on  the  Crania. 

The  descriptive  notes  concerning  the  Arkansas  skulls  present  so  many  simi- 
larities to  those  bearing  on  the  skulls  from  Louisiana  that  the  two  can  be  treated 
together.  They  will  therefore  be  found  reported  on  in  the  section  following  that 
dealing;  with  measurements  of  the  Louisiana  crania. 

The  same  applies  also  to  the  long-bones  and  the  other  bones  of  the  skeletons, 
which  will  be  described  together  in  a later  section. 


Additional  Measurements  of  the  Arkansas  Crania  with  Reference  to  the  Facial  and  Other  Parts  of  the  Skull 


Prognathism  * 

Frontal  Bone 

Foramen 

Magnum 

Lower  Jaw 

Museum 

No. 

Sex 

Defor- 

mation 

of 

vault 

Basion- 

alveolar 

point 

diameter 

(a) 

Basion- 

nasion 

diameter 

Angle 
between 
a and 
alveolar 
point- 
nasion 
line 

Basion- 
m id  die 
of  nasal 
notches 
diameter 

Height 
from 
alveolar 
point  to 
middle  of 
nasal 
notches 
Kb) 

Angle 
between 
a and 
line  b 

Diameter 

frontal 

minimum 

{a) 

Diameter 
frontal 
maxi- 
mum (b) 

Percental 
relation 
of  a to  b 

fax  ioo\ 

V b ) 

Mean 

diameter 

Diameter 

bigonial 

Angle 
right  left 

Height 

at 

sym- 

phisis 

255.119 

Male 

cm. 

10.0 

cm. 

10.2 

degrees 

7' 

cm. 

8.9 

cm. 

2.05 

degrees 

cm. 

10.2 

cm. 

12.2 

83.6 

cm. 

3.3 

cm. 

10.5 

degrees 
? 119 

cm. 

3.6 

.126 

i ( 

— 

10.7 

11.0 

72 

9.7 

2.25 

56 

10.0 

12.1 

S2.6 

? 

11.2 

121 

120 

3.9 

.149 

( ( 

— 

10.0 

10.2 

7i 

9.2 

2.3 

62 

8.7 

11.3 

77.O 

? 

p 

9.9 

127 

128 

3.9 

.121 

< < 

o.  c. 

10.2 

10.3 

7^ 

f 

9.2 

2.1 

55 

9.3 

p 

? 

p 

? 

p 

.123 

( t 

o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

f 

9.8 

? 

f 

p 

? 

117 

P 

3.7 

.124 

( < 

f— 0 . c. 

10.4 

10.0 

66 

9.0 

2.3 

48 

9.8 

? 

f 

3.3 

p 

P 

? 

.125 

( < 

o.  c. 

9.9 

10.1 

70 

8.8 

2.4 

55 

9.3 

(11.8) 

p 

10.9 

124 

? 

3.6 

.127 

( i 

f-o.  c. 

9.8 

10.1 

72 

f 

9.2 

2.1 

67 

f 

9.7 

(12.4) 

3.0 

9.9 

127 

126 

3.5 

.128 

( * 

f-o.  e. 

? 

p 

? 

? 

9.6 

(12.9) 

? 

p 

? 

p 

.141 

( ( 

o.  c. 

10.3 

10.7 

74 

9.1 

2.2 

50 

f 

9.8 

(12.9) 

3.5 

10.2 

107 

112 

3.5 

.145 

i i 

o.  c. 

? 

P 

f 

? 

p 

9.9 

(12.4) 

p 

10.4 

125 

? 

3.9 

.150 

t t 

o.  c. 

10.1 

10.6 

73 

9.0 

2.1 

53 

9.6 

(11.6) 

3.4 

10.6 

119 

ii9 

3.2 

.152 

( k 

f-o.  c. 

10.4 

10.6 

7i 

9.3 

2.1 

53 

9.4 

(12.8) 

3.3 

11.1 

P 

112 

3.6 

.120 

Female 

? 

? 

f 

? 

2.3 

? 

8.7 

11.0 

79.I 

p 

9.5 

122 

119 

3.6 

.143 

— 

? 

9.5 

? 

? 

p 

? 

8.6 

11.0 

7S.2 

3.0 

9.6 

127 

127 

3.5 

.148 

l ( 

— 

? 

10.2 

? 

? 

? 

? 

10.2 

11.8 

86.4 

3.3 

p 

? 

119 

3.5 

.122 

( k 

f-o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

P 

p 

? 

9.3 

(12.2) 

? 

p 

? 

p 

.129 

( k 

o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

P 

2.5 

f 

9.1 

(11.9) 

? 

9.S 

P 

124 

? 

.130 

< k 

f-o.  c. 

? 

9.9 

? 

P 

1.85 

? 

9.0 

(11.6) 

3.1 

10.5 

126 

125 

3.1 

.144 

t ( 

f-o.  c. 

? 

? 

f 

P 

? 

? 

9.3 

(12.0) 

p 

10.7 

128 

127 

3.6 

.146 

f-o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

10.0 

(11.9) 

p 

9.6 

121 

? 

3.5 

.147 

( k 

f-o.  c. 

? 

9.7 

? 

? 

? 

f 

9.1 

(11.6) 

p 

9.6 

110 

113 

3.5 

.151 

k i 

o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

9.4 

(12.2) 

p 

? 

? 

p 

* Certain  errors  due  to  the  employment  of  the  sliding  compass  having  crept  into  the  determinations  of  the  facial  angles  and  sub-nasal  height  of  the  skulls  from  the 
Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries  described  last  year,  those  determinations  are  here  repeated  with  corrections  : 


Museum  No. 

Angle  between  a and  alveolar 
point-nasion  line 

Height  from  alveolar  point  to  middle 
of  nasal  notches  ( b ) 

Angle  between  a and  line  b 

degrees 

cm. 

degrees 

249.915 

74 

2.3 

60 

.921 

7i 

2.2 

5* 

.922 

72 

2.4 

58 

.916 

64 

2.9 

54 

.923 

73 

1.7 

52 

.924 

66 

2.45 

5i 

.925 

7 0 

2.1 

56 

REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 

III. 


183 


LOUISIANA. 

Mr.  Moore’s  collection  from  Louisiana  in  1909  came  from  several  localities 
which  are  given  with  the  list  of  specimens  in  the  table  below. 


Louisiana  Skulls  and  Bones 


Locality 

Specimen 

1 Original 
No. 

Museum 

No. 

Sex 

Stage  of  life  of  person* 

Harrelson  Landing,  Caldwell  Parish 

) Skull  and  bones 

1 

255.094 

Female 

Aged  adult 

Bones 

7 

.099 

Male 

Adult 

t i 4 4 

4 4 

10 

.098 

4 4 

4 4 

( ( ( < 

1 Skull  and  bones 

11 

.095 

Female 

Young  adult 

“ “ 

Bones 

12 

.096 

‘ ‘ 

Adult 

‘ 4 

13 

.097 

4 4 

4 4 

Bell  Gin  Landing 

Bones 

— 

.100 

Male 

4 4 

4 4 

— 

,100a 

4 4 

4 4 

Myatt’s  Landing,  Ouachita  Parish 

Skull  and  bones 

A 

.102 

4 4 

Young  adult 

“ 4 ‘ 

Bones 

A 

,102a 

4 ‘ 

Adult 

< ( ( < 

Skull 

9 

.118 

Female 

Middle-age  adult 

4 l l i 

Bones 

15 

.108 

4 4 

Adult 

it  ( ( 

Skull  and  bones 

19 

.111 

4 ‘ 

Young  adult 

4 < < < 

Skull 

20 

.113 

“ 

Middle-age  adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

21 

.117 

4 4 

Near  adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

22 

.116 

Young  adult 

4 4 4 4 

23 

.115 

Male 

Aged  adult 

4 4 i » 

Skull  and  bones 

24 

.106 

4 4 

Middle-age  adult 

4 4 ( ( 

Bones 

26 

.110 

4 4 

Adult 

< < 4 4 

Skull  and  bones 

27 

.105 

Female 

Middle-age  adult 

» ‘ < 4 

Bones 

29 

.109 

Male 

Adult 

4 4 4 4 

Skull  and  bones 

30 

.104 

Middle-age  adult 

4 4 it 

4 4 

31 

.103 

Female 

* 4 it 

4 4 

32 

.112 

Aged  adult 

4 4 

36 

.107 

Male 

Young  adult 

Skull 

38 

.114 

4 4 

Middle-age  adult 

Jones  Landing,  Franklin  Parish 

Skull 

— 

.153 

Female 

(negroid) 

‘ 4 4 4 

4 4 

— 

.154 

Male 

4 ‘ 

Bray  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish 

Skull  and  bones 

16 

.201 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 4 ( 

Skull 

— 

.202 

Female 

Young  adult 

‘ 4 it 

— 

.203 

Male 

Aged  adult 

— 

.204 

Males 

Middle-age  adult 

Bones  (a  lot) 

— 

.205 

and 

females 

All  adults 

Mound  Landing,  Morehouse  Parish 

Skull  and  bones 

1 

.207 

Female 

Middle-age  adult 

Ward  Place,  Morehouse  Parish 

Skull  and  bones 

1 

.217 

Male 

Aged  adult 

‘ 4 it 

4 4 

.218 

4 4 

Middle-age  adult 

«4  it 

Bones 

4 

.227 

Female 

Adult 

4 4 4 4 

4 4 

5 

.226 

4 4 

4 4 it 

Skull  and  bones 

6 

.219 

4 4 

Middle-age  adult 

‘ 4 4 4 

4 4 

7 

.211 

Male 

4 4 t 4 

‘ 4 

8 

.210 

4 4 

4 4 

‘ ‘ 4 4 

4 4 

9 

.216 

Female 

Young  adult 

‘ 4 4 4 

4 4 

10 

.220 

4 4 

Middle-age  adult 

‘ ‘ 4 4 

4 4 

12 

.215 

Male 

“ 

‘ ‘ 

13 

.213 

Female 

Young  adult 

4 ‘ 

14 

.209 

Male 

Middle-age  adult 

‘ ‘ 4 4 

Bones 

15 

.222 

4 4 

Adult 

4 4 

16 

.221 

4 4 

4 4 

17 

.224 

4 4 

4 4 

18 

.225 

Female 

‘ ‘ 4 4 

4 4 

19 

.223 

Male  | 

4 4 

20 

.214 

Female 

4 4 

22 

.212  | 

4 4 

Skull 

31 

.208  1 

Middle-age  adult 

* For  explanation  of  terms  used,  see  the  similar  table  pertaining  to  Arkansas,  page  175. 


184  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


There  are  seventeen  male  and  eighteen  female  skulls.  Including  all  the  bones, 
however,  thirty  male  and  twenty-eight  female  individuals  are  represented. 

With  a single  exception,  these  specimens  are  in  a state  of  preservation  similar 
to  that  of  the  Arkansas  skeletal  remains.  The  exception  noted  is  the  bones  from 
Harrelson  Landing,  which  are  more  resistant,  and  darker  in  color. 

Deformations  are  again  frequent.  Of  the  male  skulls,  six  are  of  normal  shape, 
nine  show  various  grades  of  occipital  and  two  of  fronto-occipital  compression  ; among 
the  skulls  of  females,  six  are  non-deformed,  eight  have  occipital  flattening  and  four 
fronto-occipital  compression. 

An  interesting  fact  is  that  the  fronto-occipital  deformation  occurs  in  only  one 
locality,  namely,  Ward  Place,  La.  Its  absence  in  several  of  the  other  localities 
may  be  merely  accidental,  due  to  the  small  number  of  specimens  from  these  places. 
But  in  the  fairly  large  series  from  Myatt’s  Landing,  only  occipital  compression  is 
detected.  Notes  regarding  the  grades  of  deformation  are  included  with  the  first 
table  of  measurements. 

Several  of  the  skulls  show  evidence  of  disease  ; details  of  these  are  given  in 
Section  VI.  Syphilis  was  undoubtedly  present,  as  likewise  were  other  pathological 
conditions,  known  already  from  the  skeletal  remains  of  Arkansas. 

Anomalies  of  importance,  as  in  the  crania  from  Arkansas,  are  limited  in  num- 
ber. In  male  skull  No.  255.106  the  basilar  process  shows  a deep  lateral  fissure  on 
the  left  side  and  a similar  condition  in  a lesser  degree  on  the  right  (Fig.  4,  y) ; 
the  same  specimen  shows  also  a small  medio-basilar  or  “pharyngeal”  fossa.  Male 
skull  255.154  exhibits  a very  pronounced  occipital  torus,  with  a marked  depres- 
sion above  its  middle  for  a ligamentous  or  tendinous  insertion.  Male  skull  255.203 
shows  an  epactal  or  “interparietal”  bone,  6.7  cm.  broad  and  4.5  cm.  high.  Male 
skull  255.218  has  a pronounced  semilunar  occipital  crest,  and  a depression  of  good 
size  in  the  median  line  above  it.  Female  skull  255.094  shows  a marked  bilateral 
depression  extending  antero-posteriorly  over  three-fifths  of  the  surface  of  each 
parietal,  between  the  temporal  ridges  and  the  sagittal  region,  due  to  senile  diminu- 
tion of  nourishment  of  these  portions  and  their  consequent  absorption.  In  female 
skull  255.118  there  is  a large  third  condyle  with  an  articular  facet;  and  in  female 
skull  255.103  we  find  on  the  right  a paramastoid  process,  0.9  cm.  high  and  equally 
stout,  which  articulated  with  the  atlas.  On  the  left  side  of  female  skull  255.212 
there  is  a large  wedge-like,  separate  ossicle,  2.2  cm.  in  length  by  0.5  cm.  in  average 
breadth,  between  the  wing  of  the  sphenoid  and  the  glenoid  portion  of  the  temporal 
bone.  This  separate  piece  includes  the  sphenoid  spine  (spinous  process).  Female 
skull  255.213  shows  a pronounced  depression,  3.3  by  3.0  cm.  in  extent,  above  inion  ; 
it  is  of  the  same  character  as  the  depressions  in  crania  255.154  and  255.218,  and 
as  those  of  a number  of  skulls  in  the  Arkansas  collection  of  1908,  and  no  doubt 
served  for  a ligamentous  or  tendinous  attachment.  In  female  skull  255.214  there 
is  a marked  non-articular  tubercle  immediately  back  of  each  occipital  condyle. 
Finally,  the  lower  jaw  of  female  skull  255.220  shows  on  each  side  an  abnormally 
large  and  cleft-like  dental  foramen. 

Other  minor  anomalies  are  enumerated  under  “ Observations”  (page  197). 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


185 


Measurements  of  the  Louisiana  Crania  with  Reference  to  Their  Form 


Diame- 

Basion- 

Height- 

Deformation 

Height- 

No. 

Locality 

Sex 

posterior 

maxi- 

maxi- 

mum 

bregma 

height 

Cephalic  index 

length 

index 

breadth 

index 

mum 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

255.094 

Harrelson  Landing 

Female 

• — 

17.6 

14.4 

? (good) 

81.8 

? 

t 

.095 

‘ ‘ 

— 

17.6 

14.1 

14.5 

80.1 

82.4 

102.S 

.107 

Myatt’s  Landing 

Male 

— 

18.2 

15.1 

? (good) 

83.0 

? 

? 

.114 

‘ ‘ 

‘ ‘ 

— 

18.2 

14.3 

14.4 

78.6 

79.1 

100.7 

Moderate 

.102 

‘ ‘ 

‘ ‘ 

occipital 

compression 

(17.2) 

(14.0) 

? 

. 104 

.. 

<• 

Slight 

(16.5) 

(14.8) 

(14.1) 

(brachycephal) 

< ( 

occ.  comp. 
Pronounced 

.106 

(16.0) 

(15.5) 

(14.6) 

occ.  comp. 

.111 

Slight 

(16.6) 

(14.3) 

? 

(brachycephal) 

< < 

occ.  comp. 
Moderate 

(14.3) 

.115 

(16.9) 

(14.7) 

occ.  comp. 

.113 

‘ ‘ 

Female 

— 

16.6 

14.7 

14.1 

88.S 

84. 9 

95.9 

.116 

‘ ‘ 

‘ ‘ 

— 

16.6 

13.8 

13.6 

83.1 

81.9 

98.5 

.103 

‘ ‘ 

>> 

Moderate 

(16.0) 

(14.3) 

(13,5) 

occ.  comp. 

.105 

.. 

>> 

Slight 

(17.6) 

(14.5) 

(13.8) 

(brachycephal) 

occ.  comp. 

.112 

“ 

“ 

Slight 
occ.  comp. 

(16.8) 

(14.6) 

(14.3) 

“ 

.117 

Slight 

(16.3) 

(14.9) 

(14.1) 

it 

occ.  comp. 

.118 

a 

Moderate 

(16.6) 

(14.2) 

(14.6) 

(meso-  or  slightly 

.154 

occ.  comp. 

brachycephal ) 

Jones  Landing 

Male 

— 

IS. 3 

14.2 

15.3 

77.6 

S3.6 

107.7 

.203 

Bray  Landing 

Male 

— 

17.6 

14.3 

14.8 

81.2 

S4.1 

103.5 

.204 

* ‘ 

— 

17.3 

15.1 

15.0 

87.3 

S6.7 

99.3 

.201 

Slight 

(17.7) 

(15.2) 

(14,5) 

(brachycephal) 

occ.  comp. 

.202 

Female 

Moderate 

(16.5) 

(15.0) 

(14.0) 

(brachycephal) 

.207 

occ.  comp. 

Mound  Landing 

Female 

— 

16.2 

14.5 

14.3 

89.5 

8S.3 

98.6 

.211 

Ward  Place 

Male 

— 

18.1 

14.5 

14,5 

80.1 

80.1 

100.0 

.209 

<> 

Moderate 

(16.8) 

(15.5) 

? 

(brachycephal) 

occ.  comp. 
Moderate 

.210 

‘ ‘ 

‘ 4 

fronto- 

(16.5) 

(14.7) 

? 

occ.  comp. 

(probably  brachy- 

.215 

‘ ‘ 

“ 

mod.  fronto- 

(17.7) 

(15.1) 

(14.2) 

occ.  comp. 

cephal) 

.217 

“ 

Moderate 

(17.1) 

(14.6) 

(14.8) 

occ.  comp. 

.218 

Moderate 

(16.3) 

(15.1) 

.213 

occ.  comp. 

Female 

— 

16.6 

13.6 

13.6 

81.9 

81.9 

100.0 

.208 

>• 

<< 

Slight 

fronto- 

(16,5) 

(13.9) 

(12.5) 

occ.  comp. 

.212 

“ 

“ 

Pronounced 

( 15.7) 

(14.6) 

(13.6) 

occ.  comp. 
Slight  fron- 

.214 

“ 

“ 

tal  with  pro- 
nounced 

(15.5) 

(14.9) 

(13.7) 

occ.  comp. 
Slight  fron- 

.216 

“ 

tal  with  pro- 
nounced 

(16.6) 

(14.9) 

(13.4) 

occ.  comp. 
Slight  fron- 

.219 

“ 

“ 

tal  with 
moderate 

(16.1) 

(14.5) 

(13.2) 

occ.  comp. 

.220 

“ 

“ 

Medium 

(15,5) 

(14,5) 

(14.0) 

occ.  comp. 

24  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


186  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


The  Form  of  the  Louisiana  Skulls. — In  form  the  Louisiana  crania  show  a pre- 
dominance of  the  same  brachycephalic  type  as  that  of  the  majority  of  skulls  from 
Arkansas;  but  there  are  likewise  some  more  oblong  heads,  which  are  similar  in 
their  turn  to  those  of  like  form  from  Arkansas.  The  longer  forms  appear  among 
the  non-deformed  Louisiana  skulls,  and  are  suspected  also  in  several  of  the  deformed 
crania.  Besides  these  two  types  there  are  undoubtedly  also  intermediate  forms 
resulting  from  admixture. 

The  height  of  the  skulls  for  the  greater  part  is  quite  considerable,  as  is  the 
case  with  the  skulls  from  Arkansas. 

The  principal  measurements  with  reference  to  the  form  of  the  crania  are  given 
on  p.  185. 

Two  features  shown  by  the  preceding  table,  which  deserve  special  notice  are 
the  height-length  and  height-breadth  indices.  The  former  index  averages  82.7  in 
the  males,  and  84.3  in  the  females;  the  latter  102.2  in  the  males,  and  99.1  in  the 
females.  All  of  these  averages,  but  particularly  those  of  the  height-length  index, 
are  extraordinarily  high  and  are  met  with  even  among  the  Indians  only  in  certain 
restricted  areas. 

The  Size  of  the  Louisiana  Skulls. — In  size  there  is  again  a fair  agreement 
between  the  crania  from  Louisiana  and  those  from  Arkansas.  A number  of  the 
male  skulls  and  one  female  specimen  show,  as  seen  from  the  following  table,  very 
fair  capacity  (between  1500  and  1600  c.c.) ; but  there  are  also  crania,  both  male 
and  female,  of  but  very  moderate  capacity.  In  the  case  of  female  skull  255.208 
the  capacity  is  decidedly  small,  though  such  examples  are  not  uncommon  in  the 
American  race.  The  average  capacity  of  the  twelve  male  crania  is  1^60  ( 1350-1580) 
c.c. ; that  of  the  7 female  skulls,  ijio  (1130-1390)  c.c.  In  comparison  with  this,  all 
the  available  Arkansas  crania  the  capacity  of  which  could  be  determined,  comprising 
19  males  and  14  females,  give  an  average  of  i-/jj  (1260-1670)  c.c.  for  the  males 
and  (1140-1395)  c.c.  for  the  females.  The  differences  between  the  two  areas 
are  not  very  material,  but,  so  far  as  they  obtain,  they  favor  Louisiana.  They  are 
noticeably  more  pronounced  in  the  females  than  in  the  males.  This  interesting 
condition  may  be  incidental  to  the  small  number  of  specimens,  particularly  in  the 
series  from  Louisiana ; yet  it  deserves  attention.  Similar  differences  are  noted  in 
all  the  measurements  bearing  on  the  size  of  the  vault  in  the  two  series  of  skulls. 

The  percental  relation  between  the  capacity  of  the  female  and  that  of  the  male 
crania,  the  latter  being  taken  as  100,  amounts  in  Louisiana  to  89.7,  in  Arkansas  to 
86.3.  This  shows  that  the  female  skulls  in  these  groups  are  not  only  absolutely 
larger  in  Louisiana  than  in  Arkansas,  but  that  they  are  also  relatively  larger,  when 
compared  with  the  males,  than  they  arc  in  the  other  State.  This  rather  strengthens 
the  possibility  that  the  high  average  capacity  of  the  Louisiana  female  skulls  is 
accidental. 

The  percentage  of  difference  between  the  capacity  of  the  male  and  female 
crania  is  higher  than  that  shown  by  any  other  of  the  principal  external  measure- 
ments of  the  vault.  This  will  be  shown  more  clearly  in  the  succeeding  pages. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


187 


Measurements  of  the  Louisiana  Crania  with  Reference  to  Their  Size 


Museum 

No. 

Locality 

Sex 

Deformity  * 

Capacity 

Cranial 
module 
( = mean 
diameter; 

Circum- 
ference 
maximum 
(above 
supra-orbi- 
tal  ridges) 

Nasion- 

opisthion 

arc 

Thickness 
of  left 
parietal 
(above 
squamous 
suture) 

255.094 

Harrelson  Landing 

Female 

c.  c. 
? 

cm. 

? 

cm. 

50.8 

cm. 

36.9 

mm . 
4-5 

.095 

‘ ‘ 

— 

1370 

15.40 

50.0 

37.0 

4-7 

.107 

Myatt's  Landing 

Male 

• — — 

? 

? 

51.7 

36.4 

4-7 

.114 

4 ‘ 

— 

1545 

15.63 

51.7 

36.0 

4-6 

.102 

4 4 

o.  c. 

? 

? 

? 

? 

4-6 

.104 

‘ 4 

4 4 

? 

15.13 

49.3 

33.6 

5-7 

.106 

44 

1420 

15.37 

49.7 

34.3 

4-7 

.111 

4 4 

1390 

15.23 

48.5 

34.8 

5-7 

.115 

‘ 4 

4 4 

1350 

15.30 

49.3 

34.7 

5-7 

.113 

Female 

— 

p 

15.13 

49.7 

36.0 

4-5 

.116 

44 

— 

? 

14.67 

48.7 

35.0 

3-6 

.103 

( < 

4 4 

O.  C. 

? 

14.60 

48.0 

33.2 

3-5 

.105 

( < 

4 4 

4 4 

1410 

15.30 

52.2 

36.2 

5-7 

.112 

l l 

4 4 

4 4 

1390 

15.23 

50.3 

35.0 

5-7 

.117 

4 4 

? 

15.10 

49.3 

33.8 

3-5 

.118 

4 4 

? 

15.13 

49.3 

36.8 

4-7 

.154 

Jones  Landing 

Male 

— 

1560 

15.93 

51.6 

38.5 

5-7 

203 

Bray  Landing 

Male 

— 

? 

15.57 

50.1 

? 

4-5 

.204 

4 4 

— 

1580 

15.80 

51.2 

35.9 

5-6 

.201 

‘ ‘ 

4 4 

o.  c. 

1570 

15.80 

52.3 

37.2 

5-6 

.202 

‘ ‘ 

Female 

4 4 

? 

15.17 

50.0 

35.7 

4-5 

.207 

Mound  Landing 

Female 

— 

? 

15.00 

47.9 

33.3 

4-6 

.211 

Ward  Place 

Male 

— 

1470 

15.70 

51.0 

35.6 

4-7 

.209 

4 4 

o.  c. 

? 

? 

50.9 

34.2 

4-6 

.210 

4 4 

f-o.c. 

1420 

? 

48. S 

? 

4-5 

.215 

4 4 

4 4 

1400 

15.67 

51.2 

36.0 

5-8 

.217 

4 4 

o.  c. 

1440 

15.50 

49.5 

34.4 

4-7 

.218 

4 4 

4 4 

1350 

? 

49.6 

? 

5-6 

.213 

Female 

— 

1215 

14.60 

47.2 

34.3 

5-7 

.208 

4 4 

f-o.c. 

1130 

14.30 

47.0 

33.4 

4-5 

.212 

4 4 

o.  c. 

1330 

14.63 

47.3 

33.3 

4-6 

.214 

4 4 

f-o.c. 

1390 

14.70 

47.6 

33.3 

4-5 

.216 

4 4 

4 4 

1325 

14.97 

48.0 

33.5 

4-6 

.219 

4 4 

4 4 

? 

14.60 

47.1 

? 

4-6 

.220 

o.  c. 

? 

14.67 

47.7 

? 

3-4 

* O.  c.  = occipital  compression  ; f-o.  c.  = fronto-occipital  compression. 


The  relation  of  the  capacity  to  stature,  the  latter  represented  by  the  length  of 
the  femur,  was  determinable  in  7 of  the  male  and  5 of  the  female  skulls  from  Louis- 
iana, and  the  results  are  given  in  the  following  table.  The  relation,  it  is  seen,  is 
not  without  its  variations,  but  it  should  prove  of  considerable  interest  when  estab- 
lished in  large  series  of  skeletons. 

The  number  of  Indian  specimens  available  is  not  satisfactory  for  a comparison 
of  the  capacity-stature  relation  with  that  in  whites;  nevertheless,  by  including  the 
data  on  the  Arkansas  skulls  given  in  the  previous  section  and  accepting  JJ.J  as 
the  approximate  average  femoro-cranial  index  in  white  males,  it  is  found  that  of 
twelve  male  Indian  skulls  only  three  show  an  index  greater  than  that  of  whites 
of  the  same  sex,  while  in  nine  it  is  lesser.  In  all  probability  a lesser  femoro- 
cranial  index  than  that  of  whites  exists  throughout  among  the  Indians,  though 
there  will  be  individual  exceptions.  This  means  that  the  well  known  lower  aver- 
age cranial  capacity  of  the  Indian  is  not  due  to  smaller  stature. 

The  cranial  module  (mean  diameter)  and  the  measurements  of  circumference 


188  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


Relation  of  Skull  Capacity  to  Stature 


Skull  No. 

Cranial  Capacity 

Bicondylar  length 
of 

right  femur 

Femoro-cranial  index 
(—  c.  c.  of  skull  capacity  per 
i.o  cm.  of  femoral  length) 

Males 

C.  C. 

cm. 

255.218 

1350 

45.0  (left) 

30.1 

.111 

1390 

44.7 

31.1 

.210 

1420 

43.1 

32.9 

.106 

1420 

43.0  (left) 

33.0 

.217 

1440 

44.7 

32.2 

.211 

1470 

44.6 

33.0 

.201 

1570 

45.5 

34.5 

Females 

255.213 

1215 

42.0 

28.9 

.216 

1325 

40.6 

32.6 

.212 

1330 

43.1 

30.9 

.214 

1390 

41.4 

33.6 

.112 

1390 

41.2 

33.7 

maximum  and  of  the  nasion-opisthion  arc  are  given  next  to  show  their  relative 
value  in  comparison  with  the  capacity.  Reference  to  the  tabulated  data  shows 
that  the  measurements  most  closely  expressing  or  representing  the  size  of  the  skull, 
after  capacity,  are  the  cranial  module  and  the  circumference,  the  nasion-opisthion 
arc  offering  greater  variability.  The  necessity  of  measuring  the  thickness  of  the 
cranial  vault  in  each  case  where  the  actual  capacity  can  not  be  determined  is 
apparent.  This  measurement,  as  taken  in  this  series,  i.  e along  a line  1.0  cm. 
above  the  temporo-parietal  suture,  is  not  perfect,  but  it  has  the  advantage  that  it 
can  be  taken  with  the  compass  used  for  other  skull  measurements.  It  would  be 
preferable  to  determine  the  thickness  of  the  parietal  along  a line  running  from 
before  backward  nearer  or  at  its  middle,  but  this  would  require  a special  in- 
strument. 

Results  of  considerable  interest  are  obtained  by  comparing  the  averages  of  the 
principal  external  measurements  of  the  skull  which  relate  to  its  size,  in  all  the 
available  collections  from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana,  and  by  contrasting  them  in  the 
two  sexes.  According  to  these  averages,  which  also  are  given  in  the  next  table, 
the  Louisiana  crania,  of  both  males  and  females,  show  the  largest  external  dimen- 
sions, while  those  from  the  Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries  in  Arkansas  show  the 
smallest.  This  result  agrees  in  the  main  with  the  determinations  relating  to  the 
internal  size  of  the  skulls.  The  differences,  however,  on  the  whole  are  very  moder- 
ate, and  it  is  quite  probable  that  in  at  least  some  of  the  groups  they  are  accidental, 
due  to  the  small  number  of  specimens. 

The  average  thickness  of  the  skulls  is  in  every  series  except  that  from  Boytt’s 
Field,  Arkansas,  noticeably  smaller  in  the  females  than  in  the  males.  The  male 
crania  from  the  Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries  show  the  highest  average  thickness, 
but  they  are  represented  by  only  three  specimens;  the  female  skulls  from  that 
locality  are  not  exceptional.  The  next  in  thickness  are  the  male  skulls  from  Louis- 


Comparison  of  the  Averages  of  Principal  Cranial  Measurements  Relating  to  the  Size  of  the  Skull,  Exclusive  of  Capacity. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


189 


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Measurements  of  the  Louisiana  Crania  with  Reference  to  the  Facial  Parts 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


191 


iana;  this  has  a bearing  on  their  relatively  large  external  size,  as  compared  with 
the  other  groups  of  crania,  with  only  a slightly  larger  capacity. 

The  percental  relation  of  female  to  male  averages  of  the  principal  external  meas- 
urements of  the  vault  presents  considerable  likeness  in  the  four  localities,  and  is 
much  alike  in  the  separate  measurements.  Larger  numbers  of  specimens  would 
doubtless  reduce  further  some  of  the  irregularities.  As  already  alluded  to,  these 
sexual  indices  exceed  considerably  the  similar  indices  of  cranial  capacity.  This  is 
due  partly  to  the  relatively  great  thickness  of  the  female  skulls  and  partly  to  other 
conditions.  It  will  be  of  importance  to  determine  these  relations  with  respect  to 
other  groups  of  American  aborigines  as  well  as  to  other  races. 

THE  FACIAL  PARTS. 

Facial  Dimensions. — In  the  majority  of  the  Louisiana  crania  the  facial  parts 
unfortunately  are  injured,  yet  enough  remains  to  show  that  in  this  series  the  face 
is  somewhat  higher  and  broader  than  is  the  case  with  the  skulls  from  Boytt’s  Field, 
Arkansas  : it  more  nearly  approaches  the  specimens  from  the  Menard  and  Greer 
cemeteries.  The  relative  proportions  of  the  face,  i.  e .,  the  facial  indices,  show  much 
similarity  in  all  these  groups,  as  is  evident  from  the  table  on  page  190.  Neverthe- 
less, the  facial  indices,  especially  the  upper,  are  perceptibly  lower  in  the  crania 
from  Boytt’s  Field  than  in  the  others,  and  in  addition  the  averages  of  all  the  facial 
measurements  of  the  skulls  from  this  locality  are  lower  than  those  of  the  other 
series.  This  relative  smallness  of  the  face  of  the  former  inhabitants  of  the  Boytt’s 
Field  region  was  probably  a local  peculiarity. 


Comparison  of  Facial  Dimensions  of  Male  Skulls  from  Louisiana  and  Arkansas 


Locality 

Number 

of 

Cases 

Average  total 
facial  height 

Nu  mber 
of 

Cases 

Average  upper 
facial  height 

Number 

of 

Cases 

Average  diameter 
bizygomatic 
maximum 

Number 

of 

Cases 

Average  total 
facial  index 

Number 

of 

Cases 

Average  upper 
facial  index 

Louisiana  (a) 

7 

cm. 

12.35  (11.5-13.4) 

10 

cm. 

7.55  (7. 0-8.0) 

9 

cm. 

14.2  (13.4-14.6) 

6 

86  (81.5-90.3) 

8 

53  (51.4-55.2) 

Arkansas  (6)  : 
Menard 
and  Greer 
cemeteries 

1 

12.4 

1 

7.7 

0 

14.55  (14.5-14.6) 

1 

S5 

1 

53 

Arkansas  (c) : 
Boytt’s  Field 

9 

11.75  (11.3-12.2) 

11 

7.05  (6. 8-7. 3) 

8 

15.S5  (13.3-14.3) 

7 

S5  (81.5-90.3) 

8 

51  (47.9-55.2) 

Arkansas  (o')  : 

Drew  and 

Mississippi 

counties 

3 

1 2.5  (12.1-13.1) 

11 

7.6  (7.0-8. 2) 

10 

13.95  (13.5-14.6) 

9 

86  (84.2-88.3) 

7 

54.5  (52.1-60.7) 

(a)  The  average  height  of  the  upper  face  in  13  female  skulls  from  Louisiana  is  6.SS  cm. ; in  5 from  Arkansas  (£),  7.35  cm. ; in  5 from  Arkansas  (c),  6.93  cm. ; 
and  in  5 from  Arkansas  (rf),  7.06  cm. 


The  average  proportions  and  the  index  of  the  nose  in  the  several  groups  of  skulls 
from  Louisiana  and  Arkansas  bear  close  resemblance  ; nevertheless  it  will  be  noticed 
from  the  following  table  that  there  are  certain  local  differences.  These  are  due 
particularly  to  the  unequal  average  height  of  the  nose,  which  in  turn  is  owing 
largely  to  differences  in  the  height  of  the  upper  face.  Thus  the  greatest  average 


192  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


height  of  the  nose  occurs  in  crania  from  the  Menard  and  Greer  group  and  in  the 
male  skulls  from  Drew  and  Mississippi  counties,  Arkansas,  and  these  two  series 
sh  3w  also  the  lowest  average  nasal  index.  On  the  other  hand,  the  lowest  nose  with 
the  highest  nasal  index  is  found  in  the  Boytt’s  Field  crania,  in  which  the  face,  as 
has  been  previously  mentioned,  also  was  exceptionally  low.  The  average  breadth 
of  the  nose  differs  less  than  the  height  in  the  various  groups  of  skulls  under  con- 
sideration, 

As  to  sexual  differences,  the  three  larger  groups  of  crania  show,  as  is  usual  in 
Indians,  a lower  average  nasal  index  in  the  males  than  in  the  females.  Similar 
difference  exists  also  in  whites  and  in  other  races,  and  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the 
height  of  the  upper  face  is  relatively  less  in  the  females,  as  compared  with  males, 
than  its  breadth. 


Comparison  of  Nasal  Dimensions 


Sex  and  Locality 

Number 

of 

individuals 

Nose  : 

average  height 

Nose  : 

average  breadth 

Nasal  index: 
average 

Males 

cm. 

cm. 

Louisiana 

13 

5.16  (4.5-5. 5) 

2.62  (2. 3-3.0) 

50.95  (45.4-57.8) 

Arkansas  : Boytt’s  Field 

11 

4.98  (4.7-5.35) 

2.54  (2.35-2.8) 

51.05  (46.7-53.8) 

Arkansas  : Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries 

9 

5.22  

2.62  

50.25 

Arkansas:  Drew  and  Mississippi  counties 

13 

5.49  (5.05-5.80) 

2.69  (2.45-2.95) 

49.40  (45.6-54.5) 

Females 

Louisiana 

15 

4.87  (4.65-5.3) 

2.56  (2.3-2.85) 

52.65  (46.9-61.3) 

Arkansas  : Boytt’s  Field 

4 

4.70  (4. 4-4. 9) 

2.57  (2.5-2.7) 

54.80  (52.1-60.0) 

Arkansas  : Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries 

5 

5.15  (4. 9-5. 3) 

2.50  (2.4-2.6) 

48.55  (45.3-51.0) 

Arkansas  : Drew  and  Mississippi  counties 

7 

4.96  (4. 7-5. 2) 

2.61  (2.45-2.70) 

52.70  (49.0-57.4) 

The  orbital  height  in  the  Louisiana  skulls  ranges  from  3.4  to  3.85  cm.,  and  the 
breadth  from  3.6  to  4.4  cm.  In  the  females  the  variations  are : height  3.3  to  3.65 
cm.,  breadth  3.55  to  4.0  cm.  The  index  varies  from  77.3  to  100.0  in  the  male 
skulls,  and  from  84.6  to  97.3  in  the  female  crania.  The  majority  of  the  specimens 
are  megaseme;  but  the  value  of  the  orbital  dimensions  and  indices  in  many  of  the 
artificially  deformed  skulls  is  problematic.  It  is  certain  that  in  some  cases  of 
fronto-occipital  compression  the  deformation  has  the  effect  of  heightening  and  pos- 
sibly also  of  narrowing  the  orbits.  The  simple  occipital  compression  is  less  influ- 
ential; nevertheless,  when  of  a higher  degree,  it  is  not  without  an  effect  on  the 
orbital  measurements. 

In  some  cases  both  the  measurements  and  the  indices  of  the  two  orbits  differ 
quite  appreciably,  and  in  a majority  of  these  instances  the  index  of  the  left  orbit  is 
the  larger.  Thus,  of  the  eighteen  crania  in  which  the  index  could  be  determined, 
it  was  equal  in  two,  larger  on  the  right  side  in  four,  and  larger  on  the  left  side  in 
twelve.  Similar  differences  were  noted  in  the  measurements  of  the  Arkansas  series  ; 
they  exist  also  among  Indians  elsewhere,  and  have  been  found  in  whites. 

The  palate  in  the  Louisiana  skulls  is  in  the  males  predominantly  mesuranic, 
in  the  females  mainly  brachyuranic.  Its  average  indices  are  brachyuranic,  and 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


193 


show,  as  do  the  average  measurements,  considerable  likeness  to  those  of  the  three 
other  series  of  skulls  available  for  comparison.  The  higher  indices  in  the  female 
than  in  the  male  crania  of  the  Louisiana  group  are  apparently  exceptional.  The 
locality  differences,  shown  in  the  following  table,  are  so  irregular  that  no  definite 
significance  can  be  attached  to  them. 

o 


Palate  : Comparison 

of  Average 

M EASUREMENTS 

and  Indices 

Sex  and  Locality 

Number 

of 

specimens 

External  length  of 
the  palate  (Turner), 
averages 

Greatest  external 
breadth  of  the 
palate,  averages 

Palatal  index, 
averages 

Males 

Louisiana 

10 

cm . 

5.75  (5.4-6. 1) 

cm. 

6.65  (6. 2-7. 3) 

116  (108.3-122.2) 

Arkansas:  Boytt's  Field 

12 

5.57  (5. 3-6.0) 

6.56  (6.1-7. 1) 

118  (108.6-126.8) 

Arkansas  : Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries 

1 

5.80  

6.90  

119  

Arkansas : Drew  and  Mississippi  counties 

7 

5.75  (5.6-5. 8) 

7.02  (6.55-7.40) 

122  (113.0-128.6) 

Females 

Louisiana 

9 

5.35  (4. 9-5. 6) 

6.50  (6. 0-6. 8) 

122  (111.1-127.4) 

Arkansas  : Boytt’s  Field 

9 

5.65  

6.45  

115  

Arkansas  : Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries 

5 

5.71  (5.35-6.2) 

6.S0  (6.55-7.1) 

119  (114.5-127.1) 

Arkansas  : Drew  and  Mississippi  counties 

5 

5.44  (5. 1-5.7) 

6.37  (5.95-6.75) 

1 17  (104.4-133.9) 

Additional  Measurements  of  the  Facial  and  Other  Parts  of  the  Skull. 

The  individual  data  are  here  given,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Arkansas  crania,  in  a 
separate  table,  in  order  to  facilitate  their  possible  use  according  to  secondary  locali- 
ties or  other  standards.  Thus  presented  they  will  also  render  easier  the  study  of 
the  effects  of  deformation  on  some  of  the  measurements,  particularly  the  diameter 
frontal  maximum  (see  page  194). 

Prognathism. — For  the  Louisiana  series  of  skulls  the  measurements  pertain- 
ing to  facial  and  alveolar  prognathism  give  an  average  basi-facial  angle  in  each  sex 
of  70°,  with  an  average  alveolar  angle  of  55.5°  in  the  males  and  52°  in  the  females. 
The  alveolar  process  in  the  females  is  somewhat  more . slanting,  but  it  either  does 
not  increase  or  it  increases  but  little  the  total  facial  protrusion.  As  will  be  seen  in 
the  next  table  the  measurements  and  angles  relative  to  this  feature  show  a close 
similarity  to  those  obtained  on  the  Arkansas  series,  particularly  the  skulls  from 
Boytt’s  Field.  The  basi-facial  angle  presents  remarkably  small  variation,  both 
within  the  individual  series  and  in  the  separate  groups. 

The  Frontal  Bone. — As  in  some  of  the  Arkansas  specimens,  the  smallest  frontal 
breadth  is  decidedly  low  in  some  of  the  Louisiana  skulls,  and  it  never  exceeds 
m od e r ate  d i m e n sion  s . 

The  averages  given  below  show,  as  usual,  a perceptibly  larger  diameter  frontal 
minimum  in  the  males  than  in  the  females;  and  there  is  a close  similarity  in  the 
measurement  of  the  Louisiana  series  and  the  crania  from  Boytt’s  Field,  Arkansas. 


25  JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHI  LA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


194 


REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


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Additional  Measurements  of  the  Louisiana  Crania  Pertaining  to  the  Facial  and  Other  Parts  of  the  Skull 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


195 


Comparison  of  Average  Measurements  and  Indices  Relating  to  Prognathism 


Sex  and  Locality 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average 
basion-alveolar 
point  diameter 

Average 

basion-nasion 

diameter 

Average 
basion-middle  of 
nasal  notches 
diameter 

Average  height 
from  alveolar 
point  to  middle  of 
nasal  notches 

Average  basi- 
facial angle 
(between 
basion-alve- 
olar point- 
nasion  lines) 

Average  alveo- 
lar angle 
(between 
basion-alveolar 
point- 

nasal  notches 
lines) 

Males. 

Louisiana 

7 

cm . 

10.5  (10.0-11.0) 

cm. 

10.6  (10.4-11.1) 

cm. 

9.3  (9. 0-9. 8) 

cm. 

2.5  (2.1-2.75) 

degrees 
70  (68-73) 

degrees 
55.5  (48-61) 

Arkansas : 

Boytt’s  Field 

10 

10.2  (9.8-10.7) 

10.4  (10.0-11.0) 

9.1  (8. 8-9. 7) 

2.2  (2.05-2.4) 

71  (66-74) 

55  (48-67) 

Arkansas : 

Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries 

1 

10.7  

11.4  

9.8  

2.3  

74  

60  ...  . 

Arkansas : 

Drew  and  Mississippi  counties 

5 

9.95  (9.5-10.5) 

7(7.55(10.0-10.7) 

8.9  (8. 5-9. 5) 

2.3  (2. 0-2. 5) 

71  (67-73) 

57  (56-58) 

Females. 

Louisiana 

6 

9.7  (9.3-10.2) 

9.S  (9.5-10.7) 

5.5  (8. 3-8. 9) 

2.2  (1.95-2.4) 

70  (66-75) 

52  (49-57) 

Arkansas : 

Boytt's  Field 

4 

? 

9.S  (9.5-10.2) 

? 

? 

? 

Arkansas : 

Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries 

4 

10.1  (9.4-10.6) 

10.06  (9.9-10.2) 

9.0  (8. 5-9. 3) 

2.3  (1. 7-2.9) 

68  (64-73) 

53  (51-56) 

Arkansas : 

Drew  and  Mississippi  counties 

3 

9.6  (9.4-10.0) 

9.7  (9. 5-9.8) 

8.4  (8. 3-8. 6) 

2.0  (1.85-2.15) 

69  (66-71) 

51  (49-53)* 

* Two  specimens. 


This  similarity  extends,  in  all  probability,  to  the  Arkansas  skulls  collected  in  1908, 
though  the  small  number  of  specimens  in  the  latter  collection  give  somewhat  un- 
equal averages. 

The  diameter  frontal  maximum,  which  can  be  considered  in  only  the  un- 
deformed specimens,  averages  perceptibly  less  in  the  female  crania  from  both 
Louisiana  and  Arkansas  than  it  does  in  the  male  skulls,  but  this  is  due  merely 
to  the  smaller  size  of  the  female  head.  The  average  percental  relation  between 
the  smallest  and  greatest  frontal  diameters  is  alike  in  the  two  sexes,  though  there 
appears  a slight  tendency  toward  a lower  index  in  the  female  crania.  The  propor- 
tion between  the  two  measurements  is  also  very  similar  in  the  different  localities. 

Foramen  Magnum. — In  all  the  groups  of  skulls  here  considered  the  mean 
diameter  of  the  foramen  magnum  shows  a higher  average  in  the  males  than  in  the 
females ; and  in  both  sexes  it  is  slightly  higher  in  the  Louisiana  crania  than  in 
either  of  the  groups  from  Arkansas.  So  far  as  the  sexes  are  concerned,  these  dif- 
ferences are  due  probably  to  the  difference  in  stature,  for  this  factor  has  a decided 
effect  on  the  size  of  the  foramen. 

Lower  Jaw. — In  this  series  of  skulls  again,  as  in  that  from  Arkansas,  the  lower 
jaw  is  of  moderate  dimensions  throughout;  yet  the  averages  indicate  that  it  is 
slightly  higher  than  the  lower  jaws  from  Arkansas. 

Both  the  breadth  and  the  height  of  the  lower  jaw  are,  as  may  be  expected, 
perceptibly  less  in  the  females  than  in  the  males,  but  there  are  individual  excep- 
tions in  both  sexes. 


196  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


Frontal  Bone — Foramen  Magnum — Average  Proportions  and  Their  Comparison 


Sex  and  Locality 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  diameter 
frontal  minimum 
(a) 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  diameter 
frontal  maximum 
(b) 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  percental 
relation  of 
(i  to  b 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Foramen 
magnum  : 
average 
diameter 

Males 

cm . 

cm. 

cm. 

Louisiana 

17 

9.6  (8.5-10.2) 

6 

12.1  (11.7-12.8) 

6 

SO  (74.8-83.0) 

10 

3.45  (3.3-3.7) 

Arkansas : 

Boytt’s  Field 

13 

9.6  (8.7-10.2) 

3 

11.9  (11.3-12.2) 

3 

81  (77.0-83.6) 

6 

3.3  (3. 0-3. 5) 

Arkansas : 

Menard  and  Greer 

3 

10.0  (9.8-10.15) 

1 

12.3  

1 

18  

2 

3.25  (3.15-3.35) 

cemeteries 

Arkansas : 

Drew  and  Missis- 
sippi counties 

23 

9.45  (8.4-10.7) 

11 

12.05  (11.4-13.3) 

11 

79.5  (73.7-84.9) 

14 

3.33  (3.05-3.7) 

Females 

Louisiana 

17 

9.4  (8. 3-9. 9) 

6 

11.7  (11.1-12.0) 

6 

79  (73.5-85.6) 

14 

3.18  (3. 0-3. 5) 

Arkansas : 

Boytt’s  Field 

10 

9.3  (8.6-10.2) 

3 

11.3  (11.0-11.8) 

3 

81  (78.2-86.4) 

3 

3.13  (3. 0-3. 3) 

Arkansas : 

Menard  and  Greer 
cemeteries 

7 

9.2  (8.8-9.85) 

4 

11.9  (11.5-12.4) 

4 

77  (74.5-79.1) 

5 

3.15  (2.9-3. 3) 

Arkansas : 

Drew  and  Missis- 
sippi counties 

13 

9.15  (8. 1-9.5) 

7 

11.5  (11.2-12.0) 

7 

79  (76.3-82.6) 

8 

3.14  (3. 0-3. 3) 

Lower  Jaw — Average  Dimensions  and  Comparison 


Sex  and  Locality 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  bigonial 
diameter 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  angle 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  height 
at  symphisis 

Males 

cm. 

degrees 

cm . 

Louisiana 

ii 

10.7  (9.5-11.6) 

13 

118  (109-131) 

n 

3.75  (3. 4-4. 4) 

Arkansas:  Boytt’s  Field 

9 

10.5  (9.9-11.2) 

10 

120  ! 1 12—128 1 

10 

3.65  (3. 2-3. 9) 

1 

10  9 

1 

116.5  

i 

3 40 

Arkansas  : Drew  and  Mississippi  counties 

8 

10.7  (10.0-11.9) 

8 

118  (108-126) 

7 

3.65  (3. 2-4.0) 

Females 

Louisiana 

13 

10.0  (9.1-11.3) 

14 

121  (109-134) 

12 

3.40  (3. 2-3. 7) 

Arkansas  : Boytt’s  Field 

7 

9.9  (9.5-10.7) 

8 

122  ( 110-128) 

7 

3.47  (3. 1-3.6) 

Arkansas  : Menard  and  Greer  cemeteries 

4 

9.95  (9.8-10.1) 

3 

125  (121-129) 

3 

3.30  (3.15-3.5) 

The  angle  of  the  lower  jaw,  which  was  measured  whenever  possible  on  both 
sides,  was  found — taking  the  Louisiana  skulls  of  both  sexes — equal  on  the  two  sides 
in  two,  larger  on  the  right  in  six,  and  larger  on  the  left  in  eight  cases.  Taking  all 
the  available  specimens  together,  it  was  equal  in  five  cases,  larger  on  the  right  in 
twelve,  and  larger  on  the  left  in  seventeen.  These  results  seem  to  indicate  that 
there  is  a slight  tendency  toward  a larger  angle  on  the  left  side. 

The  sexual  differences  are  again  very  slight.  In  the  averages  the  female  lower 
jaws  of  all  the  groups  show  a slightly  wider  angle,  but,  as  an  aid  in  sexual  identi- 
fication in  individual  cases,  that  proportion  in  this  particular  region  is  of  little 
value. 


197 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 

IV. 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA  CRANIA. 

Cranial  ]rault. 

The  conformation  of  the  vault  differs,  naturally,  in  accordance  with  the  type 
of  the  skull.  As  to  the  non-deformed  brachycephalic  specimens,  practically  the 
same  description  will  apply  as  was  given  in  last  year’s  report  on  the  Menard  and 
Greer  crania:  the  forehead  in  these  skulls  is  usually  well  built,  though  rather 
narrow  in  front;  the  sagittal  region  is  either  uniformly  rounded  from  side  to  side 
or  shows  a small  to  moderate  elevation  along  the  sagittal  suture;  the  parietal  and 
occipital  regions  are  uniformly  convex,  without  any  special  protrusion  of  the  parietal 
bossa?  or  of  the  mid-occipital  region. 

The  temporal  ridges,  while  usually  fairly  well  marked,  are  in  no  case  exceptional 
nor  do  they  in  any  case  approach  near  the  sagittal  line.  On  the  occiput  several  of 
the  specimens,  mentioned  specially  in  the  paragraph  on  anomalies,  show  a pro- 
nounced, more  or  less  extensive,  torus.  A number  of  skulls,  including  some  of 
those  with  a torus,  exhibit  also  a marked  (in  one  case  a very  decided)  depression  in 
middle  at  and  above  the  inion.  This  fossa  is  characteristic  and  is  not  accidental.  It 
is  observable  in  the  Arkansas  crania  and  occurs  with  greater  or  less  rarity  in  Indian 
skulls  from  other  parts  of  North  America.  It  apparently  served  for  an  attach- 
ment either  of  a ligament  (extreme  part  of  the  lig.  nucha?)  or  of  portions  of  the 
trapezius  muscle. 

The  more  oblong  Louisiana  skulls  are  characterized  : by  a sagittal  elevation 
more  pronounced  and  broader  than  that  occurring  in  the  brachycephals,  and  this 
crest  extends  occasionally  forward  to  the  frontal  bone  ; by  the  greater  frequency  of 
a low  forehead  ; by  lesser  convexity  of  the  parietal  regions  but  greater  distinctness 
of  the  eminences;  and  by  more  or  less  protrusion  of  the  occiput. 

Snpra-orbital  Ridges. 

Compared  with  what  may  be  regarded  as  the  average  in  whites,  the  supra- 
orbital ridges  in  the  two  series  of  skulls  under  consideration  appear  as  follows  d 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Small 

4 

6 

2 

6 

Moderate 

1 

4 

3 

11 

Well  developed 

8 

1 

8 

1 

(about  as  me- 

dium  in  white 

males) 

Pronounced 

0 

0 

4 

0 

It  is  seen  that  of  the  male  skulls  (of  the  sexual  determination  of  which  there 

1 In  23  male  and  13  female  Arkansas  skulls  from  the  old  collections  in  the  National  Museum, 
the  condition  of  the  supra-orbital  ridges  is  ; None,  M.  0,  F.  1 ; small,  M.  3,  F.  10  ; moderate,  M.  8, 
F.  0;  well  developed,  M.  10,  F.  2 ; pronounced,  M.  2. 


198  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


can  be  no  doubt  in  more  than  perhaps  one  instance)  there  are  a number  that  show 
lack  of  development  in  these  features,  while  on  the  other  hand  there  are  several 
female  crania  in  which  the  ridges  reach  moderate  dimensions,  and  two  in  which 
they  approach  closely  in  extent  to  what  would  be  regarded  as  masculine.  The 
rather  limited  development  of  the  ridges  in  some  of  the  males  agrees  with  what  has 
been  observed  in  the  1908  series  of  skulls  from  Arkansas. 

Mastoids. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  Menard  and  Greer  skulls,  the  mastoid  processes  in  both 
the  Arkansas  and  the  Louisiana  series  often  show  only  a moderate  development  in 
the  males,  while  in  the  females  they  frequently  exceed  the  average  determined  in 
the  same  sex  in  whites  and  in  Indians  from  other  regions.  In  detail  the  conditions, 
compared  with  white  male  and  female  standards  respectively,  are  as  follows 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Small 

1 

0 

5 

0 

Moderate  to 

11 

2 

6 

11 

medium 

Above  medium 

1 

8 

6 

7 

The  rather  strong  development  of  these  processes  in  the  Arkansas  and  Louis- 
iana females  no  doubt  bears  relation  to  a good  development  in  this  sex  of  the  sterno- 
cleido-mastoid  muscles,  the  growth  of  which  was  probably  favored  by  the  habitual 
carrying  by  these  women  of  heavy  jars  and  other  burdens  on  their  heads. 

Sutures. 

Serration. — The  serration  of  the  cranial  sutures  in  Indians  is  generally  less 
complicated  than  in  the  whites,  and  the  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  skulls  here  dealt 
with  form  no  exception.  The  conditions  are  actually  as  follows  :2 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Near  medium 

3 

0 

5 

0 

in  whites 
Sub-medium 

6 

7 

10 

11 

(2-3  Broca) 

More  or  less 

4 

o 

1 

6 

simple  (1-2 
Broca) 

It  is  interesting  to  observe  that  the  only  skulls  in  which  the  serration  ap- 
proaches the  approximate  average  in  whites  are  those  of  males,  and  that,  on  the 

1 In  23  male  and  12  females  Arkansas  skulls  of  the  earlier  National  Museum  collections,  the 
mastoids  are  (male  compared  to  male  and  female  to  female  standards):  Small,  M.  6,  F.  0 ; medium, 
M.  1(3,  F.  8 ; above  medium,  M.  1,  F.  4. 

2 In  22  male  and  13  female  Arkansas  skulls  from  the  earlier  collections  in  the  National  Museum, 
the  condition  of  the  serration  of  sutures  is  : Near  medium,  M.  1,  F.  0 ; sub-medium,  M.  14,  F.  8 ; more 
or  less  simple,  M.  7,  F.  5. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


199 


other  hand,  the  simpler  forms  of  the  sutures  are  more  frequent  in  the  females  in 
both  of  the  groups.  No  regular  relation  has  been  observed  between  the  grade  of 
serration  of  the  sutures  and  the  size  of  the  skull,  though  all  the  specimens  in  which 
the  serration  is  best  developed  are  large.  Perhaps  a very  large  series  of  skulls 
might  produce  more  definite  results. 

Pterions. — In  all  the  crania,  with  one  exception,  the  pterions  are  of  the  H 
type,  i.  e.,  the  articulation  is  spheno-parietal.  The  exception  occurs  in  female  skull 
255.213,  from  Louisiana,  where  on  the  left  side  the  temporal  squama  forms  a nar- 
row articulation  with  the  frontal.  No  relation  is  apparent  between  the  width  of 
the  spheno-parietal  articulation  and  the  sex  or  the  size  of  the  skull.  As  to  locality, 
the  male  skulls  from  Louisiana  average  broader  pterions  than  those  from  Arkansas, 
but  the  female  crania  from  the  two  localities  present  approximately  the  same  con- 
ditions. The  details  are  as  follows  :l 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Pterion  H-form 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Broad 

1 

2 

6 

2 

Medium 

6 

4 

10 

ii 

Narrow 

3 

1 

0 

2 

Occlusion. — The  order  of  external  synostosis  in  the  cranial  sutures  shows  a 
number  of  interesting  features  as  well  as  numerous  irregularities.  (See  table,  pp. 
200,  201.) 

The  details  show  that,  dorsally,  synostosis  begins  in  the  majority  of  these 
crania  in  the  coronal  suture,  and  is  followed  in  a short  time  by  a similar  process  in 
the  sagittal,  temporo-occipital,  and  nasal  sutures.  The  process  next  manifests  itself 
in  the  greatest  degree  in  the  spheno-parietal  and  spheno- frontal  articulations,  and 
lastly  in  the  lambdoid  suture.  The  temporo-parietal  articulation  was  found  patent 
in  all  the  specimens. 

The  table  shows  that  there  are  numerous  individual  irregularities  in  the  ap- 
pearance and  progress  of  the  synostoses.  In  this  particular  series  these  irregulari- 
ties are  doubtless  augmented  by  the  effect  of  the  artificial  deformations. 

As  to  localities  in  the  different  sutures  at  which  synostosis  begins,  it  was 
noticed  that  in  the  coronal  it  is  almost  invariably  in  the  portions  below  and  at  the 
temporal  ridges,  following  which  points  of  obliteration  appear  along  the  median 
third  of  the  suture  ; in  the  sagittal  the  most  frequent  points  of  beginning  of  the 
obliteration  are  the  obelion  and  the  summit;  in  the  lambdoid  it  begins  at  various 
points  in  the  median  third  and  advances  downward  on  each  side;  in  the  temporo- 
sphenoidal  the  parts  that  co-ossify  earliest  are  the  inferior  portions  ; and  in  the  nasal 
suture  obliteration  usually  begins  at  its  distal  extremity.  This  fairly  agrees  with 
the  results  of  observations  on  American  crania  from  other  localities.2  The  order  of 

1 In  19  male  and  11  female  Arkansas  skulls  from  the  old  collections  in  the  National  Museum, 
the  condition  of  the  pterions  is:  H-Form — Broad,  M.  0,  F.  2;  medium,  M.  6,  F.  5;  sub-medium, 
M.  10,  F.  3;  Narrow,  INI.  2,  F.  1;  K-Form — None. 

2 See  the  writer’s  “Contribution  to  the  Physical  Anthropology  of  California,”  Berkeley,  1906, 
University  of  California  Publications,  Vol.  4,  No.  2,  table  5. 


200  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


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26  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PH  I LA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


202  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


occlusion  among  whites,  according  to  data  obtained  by  Hamy,  Broca,  and  Topinard,1 
is  sagittal,  coronal  below  temporal  ridges,  lambdoid,  coronal  about  bregma,  and, 
finally,  temporo-parietal.  In  all  probability  obliteration  of  the  frontal  suture  com- 
mences earlier  and  advances  more  rapidly  in  the  Indian  than  in  the  whites ; 
however,  the  precise  differences  in  these  respects  between  the  two  races  remain  to  be 
determined  by  further  observation.  According  to  the  writer’s  experience  there 
exist  many  individual  variations  in  regard  to  suture  occlusion  in  the  whites  also. 

Sutural  Bones. — If  we  except  a few  specimens,  sutural  bones  are  scarce 
in  both  the  Arkansas  and  the  Louisiana  crania.  The  same  was  observed  in  the 
series  of  Arkansas  skulls  described  in  1908,  and  is  evident  in  the  collections  of 
crania  from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  already  in  the  National  Museum  from  other 
sources.  In  three  of  the  Arkansas  and  six  of  the  Louisiana  skulls  of  the  present 
series  no  Wormian  or  other  sutural  bones  at  all  are  present. 

The  sutural  ossicles  are  not  only  few  in  number  but  they  are  generally  small. 
They  are  found  most  frequently  in  the  lambdoid,  next  in  frequency  being  the  tem- 
poro-occipital  sutures  and  the  squamo-mastoid  angle.  In  two  cases  a sutural  ossicle  is 
present  in  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  sagittal.  In  male  skull  255.1 19,  Arkansas, 
a small  sutural  bone  exists  between  the  two  nasals;  and  in  male  skull  255.203, 
Louisiana,  there  is  an  epactal.  In  only  two  instances  are  there  small  epipterics. 

FACIAL  FEATURES. 

Orbits. 

On  the  whole  the  orbits  show  nothing  extraordinary.  They  differ  quite 
widely  in  individuals,  as  shown  in  the  measurements  of  height.  There  are  no 
cases  of  very  massive  or  of  square  orbits. 

Nasal  Bones.  Upper  Maxi l lee. 

The  nasion  depression  as  a rule  is  fairly  well  marked  in  the  males  and  more 
or  less  shallow  in  the  females,  being  in  both  quite  comparable  with  that  in  whites. 

The  nasal  bones  usually  have  fair  breadth.  An  exception  to  this,  accom- 
panied with  an  abnormality  of  the  right  bone,  has  been  mentioned  (page  176),  and 
there  are  two  other  cases  in  which  the  breadth  of  the  bones  is  sub-medium. 

The  nasal  bridge  averages  moderate  height.  There  are  no  high  noses,  and  in 
three  of  the  skulls  the  bridge  is  rather  low. 

O 

The  inferior  nasal  border  (that  of  the  notches)  is  prevalently  more  or  less  dull, 
as  seen  from  the  following  details:2 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Border  sharp  as  aver- 
age in  whites 

5 

3 

2 

5 

Somewhat  dull 

1 

3 

5 

9 

Dull 

5 

3 

7 

3 

1 Topinard,  P.,  Elements  d’Anthropologie  Generale,  Paris,  1885,  p.  645. 

2 In  14  male  and  7 female  Arkansas  skulls  of  the  old  National  Museum  collections,  the  condi- 
tion of  the  inferior  nasal  border  is  as  follows:  Border  sharp,  M.  7,  F.  4 ; somewhat  dull,  M.  1,  F.  0; 
dull,  M.  5,  F.  2 ; slight  to  moderate  sub-nasal  fossae  were  present  in  M.  6 and  F.  0. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


203 


In  four  additional  cases  the  border  is  more  or  less  dull  on  one  side  and  sharp 
on  the  other.  In  one  Arkansas  male,  one  Arkansas  female,  and  six  Louisiana  male 
crania,  the  dullness  of  the  border  is  accompanied  by  small  to  well-marked  sub-nasal 
fosste;  and  in  one  Arkansas  female  and  two  Louisiana  male  skulls  there  are  sub- 
nasal grooves  or  gutters.  In  an  additional  Louisiana  male  skull  (No  255.215)  a 
slight  sub-nasal  fossa  occurs  on  the  right,  and  a moderate  groove  on  the  left.  These 
two  manifestations  are  doubtless  only  modes  of  the  same  structural  tendency. 

The  nasal  spine  on  the  whole  is  less  developed  in  Indian  crania  than  in  those 
of  the  whites,  and  the  skulls  of  the  series  under  consideration  form  no  exception  to 
this  rule.  They  exhibit  this  feature  as  follows  :l 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Well-developed  nasal 
spine (about  as  aver- 
age in  whites) 

1 

0 

4 

3 

Sub-medium  height 
as  well  as  protru- 
sion (=  length) 

8 

7 

7 

9 

No  height  and  sub- 
medium protrusion 

4 

2 

3 

4 

Prognathism  has  been  treated  under  “ Measurements.”  The  protrusion  of  the 
alveolar  processes  ranges  from  what  would  be  regarded  as  approximately  medium 
in  whites  to  that  which  is  decidedly  above  such  medium  but  does  not  equal  the  pro- 
trusion in  the  skulls  of  most  members  of  the  black  races.  In  general  the  alveolar 
processes  in  the  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  skulls  are  regularly  arched.  There  are 
no  diastemse,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  in  a few  cases  only  is  there  any  crowding. 
(See  under  Teeth , page  208.) 

Sub-orbital  Fossce. — By  this  term  the  writer  designates  the  entire  large  depres- 
sion extending  over  the  anterior  surface  of  the  superior  maxilla  beneath  the  orbit 
and  particularly  beneath  that  portion  of  the  malar  bone  which  forms  part  of  the 
lower  border  of  the  orbit.  This  depression,  known  imperfectly  as  the  “ canine 
fossa,”  is  of  some  racial  importance,  since  in  some  peoples  it  is  generally  much  less 
developed  than  in  others,  and  may  even  be  wholly  wanting,  as  in  the  case  of  many 
of  the  Eskimo.  In  Indians  it  often  shows  less  depth  than  about  the  average  in 
whites  ; yet  there  are  also  localities  from  which  some  of  the  Indian  crania,  at  least, 
show  sub-orbital  fossae  of  fair  depth.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  table  (p.  204), 
this  is  somewhat  the  case  in  both  the  series  of  skulls  under  consideration.2 

1 In  13  male  and  7 female  Arkansas  skulls  from  the  old  collections  in  the  National  Museum, 
the  condition  of  the  nasal  spine  is;  Well  developed,  M.  4,  F.  0 ; sub-medium  height  as  well  as  protru- 
sion, M.  6,  F.  6 ; no  height,  sub  medium  protrusion,  M.  3,  F.  1. 

2 In  13  male  and  7 female  skulls  of  the  old  Nationa  1 M useum  collections,  the  condition  of  the 
sub-orbital  fosste  is  as  follows  : Well  marked,  M.  3,  F.  5;  sub-medium,  M.  4,  F.  1 ; shallow  to  absent, 
M.  6,  F.  1 . 


204  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Well-marked 

3 

1 

2 

9 

Sub-medium 

3 

3 

4 

6 

Shallow  to  absent 

5 

3 

6 

2 

The  Lower  Jaws. 

The  lower  jaws  are  generally  of  moderate  dimensions,  and  all  have  a moder- 
ate to  fairly  well-marked  prominence  of  the  chin.  In  the  sknlls  of  seven  of  the 
Arkansas  males,  three  of  the  Arkansas  females,  seven  of  the  Louisiana  males, 
and  seven  of  the  Louisiana  females,  the  chin  is  more  or  less  square.  The  bone  is 
generally  of  good  strength,  but  in  no  case  very  massive.  The  angles  show  a pro- 
nounced eversion  in  one  case  only,  the  lower  jaw  of  female  skull  255.103,  Louisiana. 

Malar  Bones.  Zygomre. 

The  malar  bones , in  both  the  Arkansas  and  the  Louisiana  series,  generally 
show  moderate  to  good  development,  and  very  few  unusual  features.  The  malar 
tuberosity,  or  torus  is  well  marked  in  a few  cases,  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  pro- 
cessus marginalis.  None  of  the  malar  bones  shows  division,  and  there  is  not  even 
a case  of  a marked  fissure  in  the  processus  temporalis. 

The  zygomre  present  nothing  extraordinary. 

Base  of  the  Skull. 

About  the  base  of  the  skulls  there  are  several  features  of  racial  significance  to 
which  attention  has  been  directed  by  the  writer  already  in  several  instances.  These 
are,  principally,  the  relative  depression  of  the  petrous  portions  of  the  temporal  bones 
(as  seen  when  the  upturned  skull  is  examined  from  above),  and  the  size  of  the 
middle  lacerated  foramina.  They  are  related  to  the  development  of  the  brain, 
vary,  in  general,  directly  with  the  mental  activities  of  the  individual,  and  their  dif- 
ferences extend  to  entire  groups  of  people. 

In  a man  or  woman  of  the  white  race  who  has  been  well  educated  and  has  been 
well  above  the  average  in  mental  activity,  the  development  of  the  brain  has  affected 
the  skull  in  such  a manner  that  the  more  yielding  parts  surrounding  the  petrous 
portions  have  been  pressed  outward,  leaving  the  petrous  portions  themselves  in  a 
decided  depression  ; and  as  such  skulls  have  also  grown  in  breadth  and  length  more 
than  is  usual,  while  the  petrous  portions  remained  unaltered,  the  middle  lacerated 
foramina  have  become  more  spacious.  In  individuals  in  whom  extraordinary 
mental  activity,  with  consequent  brain  growth  and  skull  expansion,  has  not  been 
realized,  the  depression  of  the  petrous  portions  and  the  size  of  the  middle  lacerated 
foramina  remain  small.  In  the  child  there  is  no  depression  of  the  former,  and  the 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


205 


size  of  the  latter  is  insignificant.  In  people  belonging  to  races  not  characterized  by 
extraordinary  mental  activity,  such  as  the  negroes  and  the  Australians,  the  inferior 
surface  of  the  petrous  portions  is  either  level  with  or  but  slightly  below  both  the 
neighboring  surfaces  of  the  basilar  process  and  the  sphenoid  bone,  and  the  middle 
lacerated  foramina  range  from  very  small  to  small.  Occasionally  in  these  cases 
a flattened  portion  of  the  apex  of  the  petrous  part  extends  clear  over  on  to  the 
body  of  the  sphenoid,  leaving  bnt  a small  lateral  aperture  representing  the  middle 
lacerated  foramen.  In  the  anthropoid  apes,  even  those  whose  skulls  are  best  de- 
veloped, the  inferior  surface  of  the  petrous  portions  is  slightly  raised  (as  seen  from 
above  in  the  upturned  skull)  above  the  basilar  process  and  the  sphenoidal  parts,  while 
the  foramina  lacera  media  are  either  insignificant  or  entirely  absent.  Finally, 
in  the  lower  monkeys  and  in  quadrupeds  there  is  a still  more  pronounced  portion 
of  the  inferior  part  of  the  petrous  wedge  clear  above  (in  upright  position  of  the 
skull,  below)  the  neighboring  bone  surfaces. 

It  is  thus  seen  that  these  two  features,  namely,  (1)  the  depression  of  the  petrous 
portions  within  the  other  structures  of  the  base,  and  (2)  the  grade  of  depression  and 
the  size  of  the  middle  lacerated  foramina,  are  of  significance  and  always  worthy  of 
attention.  In  the  Indian  they  range  in  general  from  what  would  be  about  medium 
in  whites  to  approximately  the  average  in  the  African  negro;  but  they  differ  some- 
what  according  to  locality.  In  the  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  crania  of  the  present 
series,  the  conditions  regarding  these  two  features  are  as  follows  :l 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Petrous  Portions 

Level  or  almost  level  with 

3 

3 

0 

8 

the  neighboring  surfaces 
Slightly  depressed 

4 

4 

7 

7 

Moderately  depressed 

4 

2 

6 

3 

Well  depressed 

0 

0 

1 

0 

71  fiddle  lacerated  foramina 

Small 

4 

5 

3 

11 

Moderate 

4 

4 

8 

3 

The  smaller  Arkansas  group  does  not  clearly  show  sexual  differences,  but  in 
the  Louisiana  series  the  female  skulls  indicate  a decidedly  inferior  character,  that 
is,  extraordinary  brain  development  is  exhibited  less  frequently  than  in  the  males. 
Somewhat  similar  differences  exist,  according  to  the  writer’s  observations,  also  in 
the  white  race. 

The  sty/oids  are  more  often  imperfectly  developed  or  wanting  altogether  in  the 
Indians  than  in  whites  ; but  there  are  individuals  in  whom  the  styloids  reach  propor- 
tions that  would  be  regarded  as  average  or  well  developed  in  whites,  and  the  num- 
ber of  such  individuals  may  be  larger  in  some  localities  than  it  is  in  others.  In  the 
Arkansas  and  Louisiana  crania  the  conditions  are  as  given  in  the  table  (p.  206). 

Paramastoids. — A slight  to  moderate,  non-articular,  irregular  elevation,  between 

1 In  15  male  and  11  female  Arkansas  skulls  from  the  old  collections  in  the  National  Museum, 
the  condition  of  the  petrous  portions  is:  Level,  M.  1,  F.  1 ; slightly  depressed,  M.  7,  F.  9 ; moderately 
depressed,  M.  5,  F.  1 ; well  depressed,  INI.  2,  F.  0. 


206  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


the  distal  end  of  the  jugular  process  and  the  condyle,  in  the  region  of  the  insertion 
of  the  rectus  capitis  lateralis  muscle,  is  frequently  met  with  in  Indian  crania,  and 
those  of  the  series  under  discussion  form  no  exception.  On  the  other  hand,  a large 
cylindrical  and  articular  process,  while  by  no  means  unknown  in  the  Indians,  is  of 
rare  occurrence.  Regarding  the  present  series,  two  of  the  male  and  one  of  the 
female  skulls  from  Louisiana  show  moderate  non-articular  paramastoids,  while  one 
cranium  (female  No.  255.103)  has  on  the  right  side  an  articular  process  0.9  cm. 
high  and  of  equal  diameter.1 

The  posterior  condyloid  foramina  are  less  often  absent  or  diminutive  in  the 
Indian  skulls  from  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  than  in  those  of  whites.  There  are  in  all 
28  skulls  in  which  these  structures  can  he  examined,  and  of  these  they  are  normal 


Condition  of  Styloids.* 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Styloids  approxi- 
mately as  well 
developed  as  in 
average  whites 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

of  same  sex 

5 

3 

9 

5 

Sub-medium 

3 

2 

1 

5 

Small 

0 

1 

1 

4 

Rudimentary  or 
absent  (in  lat- 
ter case  only  a 
small  base  be- 
ing visible) 

2 

5 

2 

Special 

1 Right  rudimentary  ; 

left  sub-medium 
1 Right  medium  ; left 
rudimentary 

1 Right  sub-medium  ; 
left  only  base 

1 Right  very  small;  left 
moderate 

1 Right  base  only ; left 
medium 

1 Right  sub-medium  ; 
left  medium 

1 Right  moderate;  left 
only  base 

1 Right  only  base  ; left 
rudimentary 

* In  20  male  and  n female  Arkansas  skulls  from  the  old  collections  in  the  National  Museum,  the  condition  of  the  styloids  is  as 
follows  : Medium,  M.  8,  F.  i ; sub-medium,  M.  5,  F.  o ; rudimentary  or  absent,  M.  4,  F.  6.  Special  : Males,  1 = right,  medium,  left  only 
base  ; 1 = no  trace  of  even  the  bases  ; 1 =*  right  rudimentary,  left  medium  ; Females,  1 =no  trace  of  even  the  bases  ; 1 = right  rudimen- 
tary, left  medium  ; 1 = right  sub-medium,  left  medium  ; 1 = right  rudimentary,  left  base  only. 

in  23,  or  82  per  cent.  Of  the  remaining  5 skulls,  one  of  the  canals  is  wholly  occluded 
in  two  and  partly  occluded  in  three.  The  obliteration  occurs  in  male  as  well  as  in 
female  skulls;  it  is  present  twice  on  the  right  side  and  three  times  on  the  left. 

The  jugular  foramen  is  found,  as  in  whites,  to  be  more  frequently  larger  on 
the  right  side,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  table  :2 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

About  equal 

1 

1 

3 

3 

Right  larger 

5 

2 

9 

10 

Left  larger 

3 

2 

2 

1 

1 In  12  male  and  10  female  Arkansas  skulls  from  the  old  collections  in  the  National  Museum, 
the  condition  of  the  para-mastoids  is  as  follows : Moderate  non-articular  elevation  on  each  side ; M.  0,  F.  2. 

2 In  20  male  and  11  female  Arkansas  skulls  from  the  old  collections  in  the  National  Museum, 
the  condition  of  the  jugular  foramina  is:  About  equal,  M.  0,  F.  0;  right  larger,  M.  18,  F.  10;  left 
larger,  M.  2,  F.  1. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


207 


The  spinous  processes  in  the  collection  under  examination  offer  numerous  irreg- 
ularities, being  sometimes  unusually  developed.  The  variations  in  this  particular 
structure,  though  of  no  great  importance,  will  well  repay  a separate  thorough  study. 

A feature  of  frequent  occurrence  in  skulls  of  Indians,  as  well  as  of  whites,  is 
the  projections  of  bone  arising  on  one  side  from  the  spinous  process  or  the  vicinity 
thereof,  and  on  the  other  from  the  superior  or  inferior  part  of  the  external  pterygoid 
plate.  Occasionally  these  processes  join  and  give  rise  to  a pterygo-spinous  or 
pterygo-sphenoidal  foramen.  The  significance  of  these  structures,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  they  have  long  been  well  known  to  anatomists,  and  are  recognized  as 
being  formed  by  ossification  of  fibrous  bands  connecting  the  different  points,  is  not 
yet  so  clear  as  might  be  desired. 

In  the  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  crania  a greater  or  lesser  tendency  toward  the 
formation  of  the  inferior  pterygo-spinous  foramen  was  observed,  but  other  condi- 
tions, as  indicated  below,  were  likewise  noted. 


Pterygo-spinous  Foramina* 


Arkansas 

Tendency  to  su- 
perior pterygo- 
spinous  fora- 

Males 

Females 

men,  both  sides 
Tendency  to  in- 
ferior pterygo- 
spinous  fora- 
men : 

3 

0 

Right 

1 

0 

Left 

1 

0 

Both  sides 

0 

0 

Inferior  pterygo- 
spinous  for- 
amen from 
three-fifths  to 
nearly  com- 
plete 

255.119,  right  ?;  left 
four-fifths 

255.141,  right  three- 
fifths;  left  four- 
fifths 

255.152,  right  ?;  left 
nearly  complete 

0 

Inferior  foramen 

255.127,  right  com- 

255.143,  pterygo-sphe- 

complete 

plete  ; left  nearly 
complete 

noidal  complete  on 
left  (tendency  on' 
right) 

Louisiana 


Males 

Females 

0 

0 

1 

3 

0 

1 

2 

5 

255.115,  right  half  ; 

255.095,  right  nearly 

left  nearly  complete 

complete  ; and  ten- 
dency also  on  each 
side  to  superior  for- 
amen 

255.211,  right  three- 

255.105,  right  nearly 

fifths;  left  three- 

complete;  left  nearly 

fifths 

255.215,  right  nearly 
complete;  left  near- 
ly complete 
255.217,  right  two- 
thirds  ; left  nearly 
complete 

complete 

255.201,  pterygo-spin- 
ous complete  on  left 
(slight  tendency  on 
right) 

255.218,  pterygo-sphe- 
noidal complete  on 
each  side 

0 

* In  14  male  and  7 female  Arkansas  skulls  from  the  old  collections  in  the  National  Museum,  the  condition  of  the  pterygo- 
spinous  foramina  is  as  follows:  No  trace,  M.  3,  F.  1 ; tendency  to  superior,  M.  2,  F.  1 ; tendency  to  inferior,  M.  9,  F.  4 ; inferior  com- 
plete, M.  1,  F.  o;  inferior  lateral  (pterygo-sphenoidal)  complete,  M.  o,  F.  1. 


Defects  of  ossification  in  the  floor  of  the  auditory  meatus. — Of  sucb  defects,  or 
dehiscences  (Hyrtl),  which  are  very  frequent  and  often  large  in  the  case  of  Indians 


208  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


in  some  parts  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  particularly  in  Peru,  the  skulls  from 
Arkansas  and  Louisiana  show  the  following  instances:1 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

No  defects 

12 

7 

14 

11 

With  defects 

1 

2 

3 

7 

Of  the  22  skulls  from  Arkansas,  defects  in  the  lloor  of  the  meatus  are  present 
in  three  (=  14  per  cent.);  of  the  35  skulls  from  Louisiana,  such  defects  are  found 
in  10  (=  29  per  cent.). 

Taking  into  consideration  the  10  Arkansas  skulls  described  last  year,  and  the 
30  additional  skulls  in  the  National  Museum  collections — a total  of  62  from  that 
State — a unilateral  or  bilateral  dehiscence  is  present  in  10,  or  16  per  cent. 

Unfortunately  there  are  only  4 additional  skulls  from  Louisiana  in  the  Museum. 
Adding  this  number  to  those  above  given,  it  is  found  that  of  the  39  skulls  from  that 
State,  10  show  a defect  in  the  Hoor  of  the  meatus,  on  one  or  both  sides,  or  in  26  per 
cent,  of  the  total.  These  figures  indicate  an  excess  of  the  abnormality  in  the 
Louisiana  crania. 

As  to  sex,  the  abnormality  is  more  frequent  in  the  females.  Of  the  30  male 
skulls  in  the  present  series  it  occurs  in  4,  or  13  per  cent. ; while  of  the  27  females 
it  exists  in  9,  or  33  per  cent.  Taking  all  the  available  skulls  from  both  Arkansas 
and  Louisiana,  aggregating  60  males  and  47  females,  7 of  the  former,  or  approxi- 
mately 12  per  cent.,  and  12  of  the  latter,  or  nearly  26  per  cent.,  exhibit  the  condi- 
tion. These  results  illustrate  that,  at  least  in  Arkansas  and  Louisiana,  the  defects 
of  ossification  in  the  tioor  of  the  auditory  meatus  are  more  than  twice  as  common  in 
the  skulls  of  females  as  in  those  of  males. 

Teeth. 

The  condition  of  the  dentition  is  shown  in  the  table  on  page  209. 

There  is  only  a single  instance  of  a supernumerary  tooth  (see  under  Abnormali- 
ties of  Teeth) ; and  there  are  no  pronounced  defects  in  the  form  of  the  teeth  remain- 
ing and  in  condition  for  examination. 

In  size  the  teeth  in  every  case  are  moderate,  not  exceeding  the  average  in 
whites.  This  applies  to  all  except  the  third  molars,  which  occasionally  are  small. 
(See  the  details  following.) 

More  or  less  wear  is  exhibited  in  the  teeth  of  all  the  skulls.  It  is  evident  that 
this  process  commences  early  in  adult  life,  and  occasionally  before.  No  case  of  ex- 
treme wear  came  to  notice.  In  a number  of  the  crania  the  wear  of  the  teeth  is  not 
uniform  over  the  whole  denture. 

1 In  22  male  and  10  female  skulls  from  Arkansas  of  the  old  collections  in  the  National  Museum, 
such  defects  are  as  follows : No  defects,  M.  19,  F.  8 ; small  to  moderate  defects,  M.  3,  F.  2. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


209 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Dentition  com- 

plete  above; 
(below  ?) 

2 

0 

2 

1 

Complete  below; 

0 

2 

2 

1 

(above  ?) 

Complete  above 

8' 

2 

6 

7 

and  below 
Defects 

255.123,  upper 

third 

255.129,  upper  com- 

-255.104,  upper 

third 

255.113,  upper  third 

left  molar 

never 

plete  ; lower  third 

right  molar 

never 

left  molar  never 

erupted;  b 

e 1 o w 

molar  never  erupted 

erupted;  1 

ower 

erupted  ; right  ? 

complete 

complete 

255.128,  upper 

com- 

2 5 5.1  4 7,  upper?; 

255.210,  upper 

third 

255.216,  upper  third 

plete  ; lower 

third 

lower  third  right 

right  molar 

never 

molars  never  erup- 

molars  never 

erup- 

molar  never  erupted 

erupted  ; lower  ? 

ted  ; lower  complete 

ted 

255.152,  upper 

third 

molar  never 

erup- 

ted;  lower 
plete 

com- 

The  upper  incisors , when  present  and  well  preserved,  show  generally  the 
shovel-like,  sharply  outlined  ventral  concavity  so  characteristic  of  these  teeth  in 
the  Indians,  and  to  which  attention  has  hitherto  been  called  by  the  writer. 

The  number  and  the  morphological  characters  of  the  cusps  on  the  molars,  when 
the  latter  are  sufficiently  preserved  to  permit  observation,  resemble  those  in  whites. 
The  number  of  cusps  on  the  different  molars  is  as  follows  : 


Cuspid  Formulae  of  the  Molars 


Museum 

No. 

Upper 

Lower 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

1st 

2d 

3d 

1st 

2d 

3d 

1st 

2d 

3d 

1st 

2d 

3d 

Arkansas  Males 

225.124 

4 

31* 

3 

4 

4 

? 

? 

.126 

4 

4 

3 

? 

? 

? 

5 

4 

44 

5 

4 

4 ; 

.127 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

? 

5 

41 

6 

5 

4.1 

p 

.145 

4 

31 

3 

4 

31 

3 

5 

? 

? 

5 

? 

p 

.150 

4 

31 

3 

4 

31 

3 

5 

4 

41 

5 

4 

4| 

Arkansas  Females 

255.130 

4 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

5 

4 

4 j 

5 

4 

3j 

Louisiana  Males 

255.107 

4 

31 

3 

4 

3 

IRR6G- 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

? 

Louisiana  Females 

255.116 

4 

3 

? 

4 

3 

“ 

5 

4 

4 

5 

4 

4 

.117 

4 

4 

? 

4 

4 

4 4 

5 

4 

34 

5 

4 

41 

.202 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

? 

5 

5 

? 

5 

5 

? 

* Cusps  designated  by  halves  are  those  decidedly  smaller  than  the  regular  cusps,  yet  clearly  marked.  The  upper 
figure  in  each  case  expresses  the  number  of  these  small  cusps. 


Abnormalities  of  the  teeth  are  in  detail  as  follows  : 

In  male  skull  255.121,  Arkansas,  both  upper  third  molars  are,  as  indicated  by 
the  alveoli,  small  in  size. 

In  male  skulls  255.123,  255.145,  and  255.150,  Arkansas,  the  upper  front  teeth 
show  slight  crowding. 

In  male  skull  255.149,  Arkansas,  the  right  upper  third  molar  is  small. 

In  female  skull  255.129,  Arkansas,  the  right  upper  second  bicuspid  has  a tri- 
lobe  root. 


27  JOURN.  A.  X.  s.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


210  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


In  female  skull  255.130,  Arkansas,  both  upper  third  molars  are  of  sub-medium 
dimensions. 

In  male  skull  255.107,  Louisiana,  the  upper  third  molars  are  sub-medium  in 

size. 

In  male  skull  255.115,  Louisiana,  there  is  a moderate  crowding  of  the  upper 
front  teeth. 

In  male  skull  255.210,  Louisiana,  the  right  lower  third  molar  points  forward 
and  upward,  while  the  left  upper  third  molar  is  of  sub-medium  size. 

In  female  skull  255.116,  Louisiana,  the  right  upper  third  molar  is  diminutive. 
In  female  skull  255.202,  Louisiana,  the  upper  third  molars  are  sub-medium  in 

size. 

In  female  skull  255.210,  Louisiana,  there  is  a supernumerary  tooth  between 
the  right  upper  lateral  incisor  and  canine  ; it  is  smaller  than  the  incisor,  but  much 
like  it  in  form. 

Diseased  Teeth. — Decayed  teeth,  while  not  very  common  or  numerous,  are 
nevertheless  quite  frequent  in  the  Louisiana  crania,  and  in  even  a greater  degree 
the  same  is  true  of  teeth  lost  during  life,  doubtless  due  to  caries  in  the  great 
majority  of  cases.  The  conditions  in  this  respect,  so  far  as  could  be  ascertained, 
are  as  follows  : 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Skulls  with  no  teeth 
decayed  or  lost  dur- 
ing life 

7 

1 

5 

3 

Skulls  with  one  or 
more  teeth  decayed 
or  lost  during  life 

6 

7 

11 

15 

It  was  not  possible  in  all  cases  to  determine  the  sequence  of  the  decay  ; it  is 
nevertheless  plain  that  among  the  people  of  both  Louisiana  and  Arkansas,  the  first 
teeth  affected  by  caries,  both  in  frequency  and  time,  were  the  molars,  then  the  bi- 
cuspids, lastly  the  more  anterior  teeth.  Regarding  the  latter,  only  one  case  of 
caries  was  observed  in  the  canines,  and  the  incisors  that  remain  are  all  healthy, 
but  in  many  instances  the  loss  of  one  or  more  of  these  teeth  makes  the  observation 
incomplete. 

V. 

MEASUREMENTS  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  BONES. 

Bones  other  than  Skulls. 

The  measurements  and  observations  concerning  the  Arkansas  and  Louisiana 
bones  will  be  most  conveniently  presented  together,  as  are  the  descriptive  notes  on 
the  crania  of  the  two  series.  Like  the  skulls,  they  present  many  similarities.  There 
are  slight  differences  here  and  there,  but  on  the  whole  the  data  regarding  both  the 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


211 


long  and  the  other  bones  serve  to  strengthen  the  conclusion  that  we  are  dealing 
with  two  groups  of  the  same  people,  or  rather  of  the  same  mixture  of  people. 

The  separation  of  the  bones  pertaining  to  individuals  respectively  with  rounded 
and  with  oblong  skulls  would  have  been  desirable,  but,  for  reasons  already  given, 
this  has  not  been  feasible. 

On  the  whole  the  specimens  show  all  the  characteristics  exhibited  by  Indian 
bones,  though  some  of  these  characteristics,  such  as  platycnemy,  are  less  pronounced 
or  are  less  general  than  in  the  case  of  bones  from  other  localities. 

Many  of  the  bones  are  diseased  ; these  are  dealt  with  in  the  final  section  of  the 
report.  Arthritic  conditions  are  common,  and  inflammatory  lesions,  which  in  all 
probability  can  be  ascribed  to  syphilis,  also  are  frequent. 

As  to  anomalies,  those  of  an  important  nature  rarely  occur  in  the  Arkansas 
series.  The  fifth  lumbar  vertebra  of  male  skeleton  255.127  shows  a defect  in  fusion 
of  the  laminas.  And  the  right  patella  of  male  skeleton  255.141  is  characterized  by 
an  unusually  pronounced  vastus  extern  us  notch  (Fig.  9 d). 

Among  the  Louisiana  bones  the  left  female  humerus  255.108  shows  a peculiar 
irregular  exostosis  back  of  the  lower  third  of  the  deltoid  ridge  (Fig.  5,  e).  Right 
tibia  of  male  skeleton  255.100  shows  a pronounced  popliteal  ridge  16.0  cm.  long. 
The  right  innominate  bone  of  male  skeleton  255.210,  and  the  right  and  left  inno- 
minate bones  of  female  skeleton  255.105,  have  the  medio-iliac  foramen.  The  sacrum 
of  255.217,  male,  shows  a considerable  enlargement  of  the  right  transverse  mass  of 
its  first  segment  and  a large  irregular  facet  thereon,  by  which  it  articulates  with 
the  enlarged  lateral  process  of  the  last  lumbar  vertebra  (Fig.  8).  The  seventh 
cervical  vertebra  of  male  255.215  shows  a foramen  5 by  2.5  mm.  (defect  of  fusion 
in  its  spinous  process),  slightly  distad  from  the  middle  (Fig.  9 a). 

The  first  dorsal  of  255.212,  female,  shows  a peculiar  lateral  process  on  the  left 
side,  appearing  like  an  anchylosed  accessory  rib,  though  both  regular  costal  articular 
facets  are  present  (Fig.  9 b).  Finally,  the  fourth  lumbar  of  255.219,  female,  shows 
a separation  of  the  posterior  part  of  its  neural  arch,  and  its  articulation  with  the 
pedicles  by  a very  irregular  facet  on  each  side;  both  the  third  and  fifth  lumbars 
being  normal  (Fig.  9 c). 

The  Humerus. 

The  total  number  of  paired  humeri  is  92,  representing  28  males  and  18  females. 
Their  average  length  ranges  in  the  males  from  32.6  to  32.7  cm.,  and  in  the  females 
from  29.8  to  32.0  cm.,  almost  exactly  the  averages  obtained  by  the  writer  from 
observations  on  378  male  and  133  female  white  Americans  from  eastern  United 
States.1  The  relation  between  the  female  and  male  arm-bones  is  approximately  as 
92  to  100,  which  also  is  equal  to  that  in  whites.  This  length  of  humerus  would 
correspond,  according  to  Manouvrier’s  standards,  to  a stature  average  of  about 
166  cm.  in  males  and  about  154  cm.  in  females.  This  point  will  be  dealt  with 
again  under  Femur  (page  215). 

i This  and  additional  material  which  will  be  here  referred  to  is  in  preparation  for  special  publication. 


212  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


The  dimensions  of  the  shaft  at  the  middle  show  an  average  lateral  diameter1 2 * 
very  nearly  as  large  as  in  the  whites;  but  the  average  antero-posterior  diameter8  is 
decidedly  smaller.  This  is  best  shown  in  the  percental  relation  of  these  two 
diameters,  or  index  of  the  shaft  at  middle.  This  in  the  writer’s  series  of  304  white 
American  males  averages  on  the  right  81.6,  and  on  the  left  83.9;  and  in  97  Ameri- 
can females,  on  the  right  78.8,  and  on  the  left  79.6.  In  the  Indians  under  con- 
sideration, the  same  index  averages  74.4  (Arkansas)  and  76.8  (Louisiana)  on  the 
right,  and  75.4  (Arkansas)  and  77.8  (Louisiana)  on  the  left  in  the  males;  while  in 
the  females  it  is  69.8  (Arkansas)  and  73.1  (Louisiana)  on  the  right,  with  73.1 
(Arkansas)  and  73.9  (Louisiana)  on  the  left.  These  proportions  show  that  the 
humeri  of  the  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  Indians  are  both  weaker  and  Hatter  than 
those  of  the  average  white  Americans.  In  both  the  white  and  the  Indian,  and  in 
both  sexes,  the  left  humerus  shows  a higher  index  of  the  shaft  than  the  right  bone  ; 
this  is  due  to  the  fact  that  its  lateral  diameter  is  smaller,  as  compared  with  that  of 
the  right  humerus,  while  the  difference  is  less  in  its  antero-posterior  dimension  on 
the  two  sides. 


Humerus — Length  : Dimensions  and  Index  at  Middle.  Radius — Length  : Radio-humeral  Index 


Sex 

and  Locality 

Side 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  length 
(maximum) 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average 
diameter 
lateral  at 
middle 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  diam- 
eter antero- 
posterior at 
middle 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average 
index 
of  shaft 
at  middle 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average 
length 
(maximum) 
of  radius 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average 

radio-humeral 

index 

Males 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

Arkansas : 

Right 

9* 

32.7 

(29.5-34 

2) 

10 

(2 

2.3 

.0-2 

6) 

10 

1.70 

(1.55-1.85) 

10 

74.4 

(69.4-83.7) 

3 

25.0 

(24.4-25.7) 

3 

75 .6 

(75.3-77.9) 

Boytt’s  Field 

Left 

9 

32.6 

(29.4-34 

2) 

10 

(1. 

2 2 
95-2. 

35) 

10 

1.67 

(1.5-1. 8) 

10 

75.4 

(72.7-80.9) 

3 

24.7 

(24.1-25.5) 

3 

75.0 

(74.2-79.0) 

Right 

19 

32.7 

(30.6-35 

2) 

18 

(1 

2.3 

85-2 

■ 7) 

18 

1.76 

(1.35-1.95) 

18 

76.8 

(64.6-90.7) 

10 

25.3 

(24.1-26.5) 

9 

77.8 

(74.6-80.1) 

Louisiana 

Left 

19 

32.7 

(30.2-35 

8) 

18 

(1 

2 2 
85-2 

■7) 

18 

1.74 

(1.35-2.05) 

18 

77.8 

(68.1-89.1) 

10 

25.1 

(22.9-26.5) 

9 

77.6 

(72.9-80.5) 

Females 
Arkansas : 

Right 

2 

2S.9 

(27.6-30 

2) 

5 

(1 

2.05 

.8-2. 

2) 

5 

1.4 

(1. 3-1.6) 

5 

69.8 

(66.7-72.7) 

— 



— 

— 

Boytt’s  Field 

Left 

9 

28.9 

(28.0-29 

9) 

5 

(1. 

2.0 

75-2 

■2) 

5 

1.4 

(1.15-1.6) 

5 

70 .3 

(65.0-80.0) 

— 

— 

- 

— 

Right 

13 

30.2 

(28.3-32 

0) 

13 

(1 

2.05 

.8-2. 

2) 

13 

1.5 

(1.35-1.6) 

13 

73.1 

(67.5-80.6) 

14 

22.7 

(21.9-23.7) 

6 

76.2 

(74.2-78.6) 

Louisiana 

Left 

13 

29.8 

(28.1-32 

0) 

13 

(1 

2.0 

.9-2. 

2) 

13 

1.5 

(1.3-1. 6) 

13 

73.9 

(63.4-84.2) 

14 

22.6 

(21.6-24.1) 

6 

77  A 

(75.2-80.6) 

1 Parallel  with  the  anterior  surface  of  the  bone. 

2 At  right  angles  to  its  anterior  surface. 

o o 


* Applies  to  pairs  only. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


213 


The  shape  of  the  shaft  in  cross-section  at  middle  approaches,  for  the  greater 
part  (as  will  be  seen  from  the  details  given  below),  the  prismatic,  or  a prismatic 
with  a broadening  of  the  anterior  border  into  a fourth  surface.  There  is  also  a fair 
percentage  of  plano-convex  humeri  which  represent  the  juvenile  form. 


Humerus — Shape  of  Shaft  at  Middle  (a). 


Types  of  Shape 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Number  of  specimens  ex- 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

amined 
Types  : 

11 

11 

5 

6 

21 

21 

19 

IS 

1 or  near  1 ( b ) 

O 

4 

3 

1 

9 

9 

17 

12 

2 or  near  2 (c) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

0 

9 

4 or  near  4 ( d ) 

5 

4 

1 

1 

4 

9 

1 

3 

p.  c.  or  near  p.  c.  ( e ) 

3 

3 

1 

4 

7 

1 

1 

i 

a See,  in  this  regard,  as  well  as  in  connection  with  the  same  item  under  other  headings,  Hrdlicka,  A., 
Typical  Forms  of  Shaft  of  Long  Bones,  Proc.  Ass.  Amer.  Anat.,  14th  Sess.,  1900,  p.  55  et  seq. 
b Ordinary  prismatic. 
c Lateral  prismatic. 

d Anterior  border  at  and  below  middle  is  broadened  into  a fourth  surface. 
e Plano-convex. 


The  torsion  was  found,  barring  a few  individual  exceptions,  to  be  moderate. 

The  deltoid  eminence,  while  generally  well  marked,  is  pronounced  only  in  the 
humeri  of  one  skeleton,  namely,  female  255.130,  Arkansas. 

None  of  the  humeri  examined  bears  more  than  a trace  of  the  supra-condyloid 
process. 

The  articular  extremities  show  the  usual  sex  differences. 

The  septum  between  the  coronoid  and  the  olecranon  fossae  is  defective  in  a 
large  proportion  of  these  humeri.  These  defects  appear  to  be  more  common  in  the 
Arkansas  series  than  in  that  from  Louisiana,  and,  as  usual,  they  are  decidedly  more 
frequent  in  the  females  than  in  the  males.  As  to  the  sides,  there  is  in  these  series 
a slight  preponderance  of  the  defects  on  the  right,  which  is  contrary  to  the  rule, 
and  is  probably  accidental.  As  in  other  cases  the  perforation  is  often  found  on 
both  sides  of  the  body.  The  relatively  great  frequency  of  these  defects,  which  are 
formed  principally  during  childhood,  by  physiological  absorption  of  the  bone  com- 
posing the  septum,  will  be  noted  from  the  fact  that,  among  2371  humeri  of  whites 
of  both  sexes,  examined  by  the  writer,  such  defects  existed  only  in  99,  or  4.2  per 
cent.  In  the  following  table  are  presented  the  details  in  regard  to  this  peculiarity 
in  the  humeri  under  consideration. 


214  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


Humerus— Defects  of  the  Septum 


Defects 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Total  number  of  speci- 
mens examined 

11 

12 

4 

6 

18 

23 

20 

17 

Defects  : pin-point 

— 

1 

— 

— 

2 

— 

— 

— 

small 

3 

2 

1 

— 

— 

2 

— 

4 

medium 

— 

3 

2 

3 

— 

3 

7 

6 

large 

2 

1 

— 

1 

i 

1 

i 

2 

special 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 (a) 

— 

— 

Total  defects 

5 

7 

o 

4 

3 

7 

8 

12 

Percentage  of  bones  with 
defects 

45°% 

58% 

75% 

67% 

16.5% 

30  %o 

40% 

71  c% 

Percentage  of  bones  with 
defects  according  to 
locality 

Percentage  of  bones  with 
defects  according  to 
sex 

Percentage  of  bones  with 
defects  according  to 
side 

Arkansas,  58c% 
Males,  34.5 °% 
Right,  57.5% 

Louisiana,  3S.5%> 
Females,  57.5% 
Left,  41.2% 

(a)  Shows  two  perforations. 


The  Radius. 

As  with  the  humerus,  the  dimensions  of  the  radius  are  quite  similar  in  the 
Arkansas  and  Louisiana  skeletons;  and,  as  in  whites,  the  bone  averages  slightly 
longer  on  the  right  side.  In  strength  and  curvature  the  radii  of  both  groups  are 
generally  moderate. 

The  principal  interest  of  the  radius  lies  in  the  comparison  of  its  length  with 
that  of  the  humerus,  or  in  the  so-called  radio-humeral  index.  This  proportion  is 
decidedly  greater  in  Indians  than  in  whites,  showing  that  the  Indian  forearm  is 
relatively  longer,  a feature  common  to  the  less  advanced  races.  The  examination 
of  the  bones  of  526  white  males  and  212  white  females  gave  the  writer  an  average 
radio-humeral  index  of  73.6  for  the  former  and  72.8  for  the  latter.  In  the  Indians, 
as  is  seen  in  the  above  table,  the  index  averages  approximately  75.3  for  the 
Arkansas  and  77.7  for  the  Louisiana  males,  with  76.8  for  the  Louisiana  females. 
Both  in  whites  and  in  Indian  males  it  is  slightly  higher  on  the  right  than  on  the 
left;  the  small  group  of  female  skeletons  from  Louisiana  form  an  exception. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


215 


The  Ulna. 

The  average  dimensions  of  the  ulna  are  given  in  a table  in  the  section  on 
Fibulee  (page  220).  There  are  only  39  ulnae  in  condition  to  permit  measurement. 

The  bones  of  the  right  side  exceed  perceptibly  in  length  those  of  the  left  side, 
in  both  the  males  and  the  females.  The  curvature  is  usually  fairly  well  marked. 
The  pronator  quadratus  ridge  is  generally  well  developed,  and  occasionally,  as  in 
female  ulna  255.219,  Louisiana,  is  pronounced.  The  shape  of  the  shafts  of  the 
ulnae  is  given  in  the  next  table.  The  shafts,  it  is  seen,  are  chiefly  prismatic;  but 
there  are  also  numerous  cases  in  which  there  are  four  instead  of  three  distinct  sur- 
faces, due  to  duplication  of  the  posterior  plane,  and  many  instances  in  which  one 
or  more  of  the  surfaces  are  pronouncedly  concave. 


Ulna — Shape  of  Shafts  at  Middle 


Types  of  Shape 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number  of  specimens 

examined 

6 

9 

1 

16 

14 

19 

17 

Types  : 

1 (a) 

4 

4 

l 

1 

4 

4 

7 

9 

3 F 

2 

2 

— 

— 

2 

5 

3 

1 

3 a (c) 

- 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

9 

9 

3 b (d) 

— 

9 

l 

— 

i 

- 

i 

l 

4 (e) 

— 

l 

— 

— 

7 

4 

6 

3 

Unclassified 

— 

— 

— 

— 

9 

1 

— 

i 

a Prismatic  or  near  prismatic.  b Flexor  surface  concave.  c Extensor  surface  concave. 

d Both  flexor  and  extensor  surfaces  concave.  e Four  surfaces  well  defined. 


The  Femur. 

The  length  of  the  femur  in  the  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  groups  shows  slight 
differences,  but  as  these  are  unequal  in  the  two  sexes,  they  are  probably  without 
significance.  The  length  of  the  female  femur  is  to  that  of  the  male  approximately 
as  92  to  100,  the  same  relation  as  with  the  humeri.  In  most  of  the  subdivisions  the 
left  bone  is  of  very  slightly  greater  average  length  than  the  right,  a phenomenon 
observed  also  in  whites  and  in  other  races. 

Additional  measurements  of  the  femur  pertain  to  the  sub-trochanteric  flatten- 
ing, which  in  the  whites  has  been  studied  principally  by  Manouvrier.1  Of  this 

1 Manouvrier,  L.,  La  Platymerie.  46.  The  same,  La  Platymerie.  C.-R.  du  Congr.  intern. 
d’Anthrop.,  Paris,  1889.  47.  The  same,  La  Platymerie.  Rev.  mens,  de  l’Ecole  d’Anthrop.  de  Paris, 
1892.  51.  The  same,  Etude  surles  variations  morphologiques  du  corps  du  femur  dans  Pespece  humaine. 
Bull,  de  la  Soc.  d’Anthrop.  de  Paris,  1893. 

See  also,  for  additional  bibliography  and  observations:  Klaatsch,  IT.,  Die  Wichtigsten  Variationen 

am  Skelet  der  Freien  Unteren  Extremitiit  des  Menschen  und  ihre  Bedeutung  fur  das  Abstammungs- 

© © 

problem.  Ergebnisse  der  Anatomie  und  Entwickelungsgeschichte,  X,  Wiesbaden,  1900,  p.  599,  et  seq. 


216  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


flattening,  which  is  more  pronounced  in  Indians  than  in  whites,  two  measurements 
were  taken,  namely,  the  greatest  lateral  and  the  smallest  antero-posterior  diameter. 
The  percental  relation  of  these  dimensions  gives  the  index  of  the  flattening.  This 
index,  it  is  seen,  is  lower  in  the  females  than  in  the  males,  showing  that  the  female 
femur  is  the  flatter  at  this  point.  As  to  the  two  sides,  it  differs  but  little.  In 
the  two  areas  under  consideration,  the  index  of  flattening  is  perceptibly  higher  in  the 
femora  of  the  Arkansas  males  than  in  those  of  Louisiana.  The  female  groups  show  an 
opposite  condition,  but  this  may  be  due  to  the  small  number  of  specimens  obtained. 


Femur — Length  : Measurements  and  Index  of  Subtrochanteric  Flattening 


Sex 

and  Locality 

Side 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average 
bicondylar 
length  of 
femur 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  mini- 
mum breadth 
at  subtrochan- 
teric flattening 
(a) 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  mini- 
mum thickness 
at  subtrochan- 
teric flattening 
(b) 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Index  of 
platymery 
f b X ioo  \ 

\ a J 

Males 

cm . 

cm . 

cm. 

Arkansas : 

j Right 

14 

45.6 

(42.0-48.8) 

15 

3.2 

(2.75-3.65) 

15 

2.5 

(2.15-2.75) 

15 

76.7 

(70.4-84.6) 

Boytt’s  Field 

( Left 

14 

45.6 

(42.1-48.7) 

15 

3.2 

(2. 8-3. 5) 

15 

2.5 

(2.2-2.75) 

15 

76.6 

(72.1-80.8) 

( Right 

19 

44.1 

(39.9-48.3) 

23 

3 .3 

(3.0-3. 6) 

23 

2.4 

(2. 0-2. 7) 

23 

74.2 

(65.6-86.7) 

Louisiana 

( Left 

19 

44.2 

(39.8-48.4) 

23 

3.3 

(2. 9-3. 6) 

23 

2.4 

(2.0-2. 7) 

23 

74.6 

(64.7-83.3) 

Females 
Arkansas : 

j Right 

4 

41.0 

(38.9-42.4) 

6 

3.2 

(3.15-3.35) 

7 

2 2 

(1.75-2.45) 

6 

69.5 

(54.7-75.4) 

Boytt’s  Field 

{ Left 

41.2 

3 2 

7 

2 2 

6 

70.2 

(39.2-42.8) 

(3.05-3.3) 

(1.70-2.45) 

(53.1-78.7) 

f Right 

12 

41.25 

(38.8-43.1) 

13 

3.05 

(2. 8-3. 3) 

13 

2 ? 

(2.05-2.4) 

13 

72.9 

(62.1-81.1) 

Louisiana 

) 

( Left 

12 

41.3 

(38.4-43.3) 

13 

3.05 

(2.85-3.3) 

13 

2 5 

(2.0-2.35) 

13 

72.2 

(63.5-SI .0) 

The  relation  between  the  length  of  the  humerus  and  the  length  of  the  femur, 
or  humero-femoral  index,  approaches  72  in  this  series,  or  nearly  the  same  as  is 
observed  in  whites. 

The  shaft  is  massive  and  generally  well  developed. 

The  linea  aspera,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following  notes,  is  in  numerous  cases 
exceptionally  high,  giving  the  so-called  pilasteric  character  to  the  shaft;  but  this 
feature  is  plainly  a compensatory  one,  for  a more  than  ordinarily  greater  backward 
bending  of  the  shaft,  about  or  above  its  middle,  is  present  in  these  bones. 

The  shape  of  the  shaft  predominantly  approaches  the  prismatic,  but  pure  types 
of  this  form  are  rare.  Next  in  frequency  is  the  elliptical  shape,  followed  by  the 
plano-convex.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  plano-convex  shaft  is  found  only 
in  the  males.  A somewhat  similar  condition  prevails  in  the  case  of  the  round 
shaft,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  elliptical  form  is  much  more  frequent  in  the 
female  femora. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


217 


Femur— Linea  Aspera 


Condition  of 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Linea  Aspera 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Number  of  specimens 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

examined 

16 

17 

7 

6 

28 

23 

16 

IS 

Medium 

5 

5 

7 

6 

13 

17 

13 

14 

High 

7 

9 

— 

— 

11 

3 

3 

4 

Very  high 

4 

3 

— 



4 

3 

— 

— 

Femur — Shape  of  Shaft  at  Middle 


Types  of  Shape 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number  of  specimens 

examined 

14 

16 

7 

6 

25 

21 

17 

17 

Types  :* 

1 or  near  1 

8 

9 

4 

2 

14 

12 

10 

8 

e or  near  e 

— 

1 

1 

9 

3 

3 

6 

8 

r or  near  ;* 

1 

1 

— 

l 

5 

2 

— 

— 

4 or  near  4 

— 

— 

2 

i 

1 

2 

1 

1 

p.  c.  (6)  or  near 

5 

5 

— 

— 

2 

9 

— 

*/  Ordinary  prismatic. 
e Elliptical. 
r Round. 

4 Anterior  surface  divided  by  a vertical  ridge  into  two  surfaces. 
p.  c.  (or  6)  plano  convex. 


As  will  be  seen  in  the  next  table,  gluteal  tuberosities,  or  third  trochanters,  are 
fairly  numerous,  particularly  in  the  bones  from  Louisiana.  This  process  is  also 
slightly  more  frequent  in  this  series  among  the  females  than  among  the  males. 
The  oblong  form  is  decidedly  more  numerous  than  the  rounded  one. 

Individual  specimens  that  deserve  separate  notice,  in  addition  to  those  men- 
tioned in  Section  VI,  are  as  follows: 

Male  femora  255.121,  255.128,  255.141,  Arkansas:  Angle  of  neck  of  these 

specimens  on  both  sides  is  very  obtuse. 

Right  male  femur  255.124,  Arkansas:  Exceptional  grade  of  torsion. 

Female  femur  255.130,  Arkansas:  The  shaft  shows  on  the  antero-external 
surface,  upper  third,  a smooth,  bony  elevation,  2.3  cm.  long,  0.4  cm.  high,  and  1.4 
cm.  broad. 

Right  male  femur  255.205,  Louisiana:  Torsion  pronounced;  left  bone? 


28  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


218  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


Female  femora  255.105a,  Louisiana:  Both  show  marked  torsion. 

Female  right  femur  255.112,  Louisiana  : The  gluteal  tuberosity  is  4.0  cm.  long 
and  1.0  cm.  high. 


Femora— Third  Trochanter,  or  Gluteal  Tuberosity 


Variety  of 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Third  Trochanter 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number  of  specimens 
examined 

13 

15 

7 

6 

27 

21 

17 

19 

Small  rounded 

— 

1* 

— 

1 

1 

2 

— 

— 

Small  oblong 

2 

— 

4 

2 

6 

6 

5 

5 

Medium  rounded 

i 

— 

— 

— 

1 

— 

2 

1 

Medium  oblong 

i 

1 

— 

i 

4 

4 

i 

4 

Pronounced  rounded 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

Pronounced  oblong 

— 

1 

— 

— 

9 

1 

4 

1 

Absent 

9 

LI 

o 

9 

13 

8 

5 

7 

Percentage  of  bones  with 
third  trochanter,  all 
grades  and  varia- 
tions 

31c/o 

20% 

57% 

67  r% 

52% 

62  %c 

71% 

63% 

Percentage  of  bones  with 
third  trochanter,  ac- 
cording to  locality 

Percentage  of  bones  with 
third  trochanter,  ac- 
cording to  sex 

Arkansas,  36.5% 
Males,  55 % 

Louisiana,  61%o 
Females,  65 %> 

* Three  moderately  rounded  tubercles. 


The  Tibia. 

The  length  of  the  tibiae,  like  that  of  the  femora,  averages  slightly  greater  in  the 
male  skeletons  from  Arkansas  than  in  those  from  Louisiana;  as  to  the  females,  the 
bones  from  Arkansas  are  too  few  in  number  to  be  of  value  for  comparison.  The 
right  tibia  averages  slightly  longer  than  the  left.  The  relation  of  the  length  of  the 
tibia  to  that  of  the  femur,  i.  e.,  the  tibio-femoral  index,  which  ranges  in  whites  from 
about  80  to  81,  is  perceptibly  greater  in  the  skeletons  under  consideration,  especially 
those  from  Louisiana.  It  is  a curious  local  peculiarity  that  this  index,  in  both 
males  and  females,  is  somewhat  higher  in  Louisiana  than  in  Arkansas.  The  sexual 
differences,  as  in  whites,  are  quite  immaterial ; and  nothing  definite  appears  from 
the  series  as  to  differences  on  the  two  sides  of  the  body. 

In  addition  to  its  length,  the  tibia  was  measured  also  as  to  its  two  principal 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


219 


diameters  at  the  middle  of  the  shaft.  These  diameters,1  as  determined  by  the 
writer  in  nearly  2000  normal  adult  bones  of  whites,2  produce  for  the  antero-posterior 
dimension  in  the  males  an  average  of  3.13  cm.  on  the  right,  and  3.14  on  the  left; 
while  in  the  females  it  is  2.72  cm.  on  the  right  and  2.57  c.  m.  on  the  left. 


Tibia— Length  ; Dimensions  and  Index  at  Middle  ; Tibio-femoral  Index 


Num- 

Average  length 

Nu  m- 

Average  diam- 

Num- 

Average 

Nmn- 

Average 

Num- 

Average 

Sex 

Side 

her  of 

(greatest 

ber  of 

eter  antero- 

ber  of 

diameter 

ber  of 

index 

ber  of 

and  Locality 

speci- 

length  less 

speci- 

posterior  at 

speci- 

lateral 

speci- 

of  shaft 

speci- 

tibio-femoral 

index 

mens 

spine) 

mens 

middle 

mens 

at  middle 

mens 

at  middle 

mens 

Males 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

Arkansas : 

^ Right 

7 

38.5 

(36.1-41.6) 

9 

3.45 

(3.2-3.85) 

9 

2 2 

(1.95-2.45) 

8 

63.7 

(51.9-81.7) 

5 

82.1 

(79.8-85.2) 

Boytt's  Field 

1 Left 

7 

38.3 

(35.9-41.6) 

9 

3.5 

(2.85-3.8) 

9 

2 .2 

(2.0-2.35) 

8 

63.6 

(52.6-82.3) 

5 

82.6 

(79.0-85.4) 

^ Right 

13 

37.10 

(34.4-40.3) 

17 

3.3 

(2. 8-3. 7) 

17 

2 .2 

(1.9-2. 6) 

17 

68.45 

(58.6-78.6) 

9 

84.2 

(79.8-88.6) 

Louisiana 

J 

| Left 

13 

37. OS 

(34.5-40.3) 

17 

(2. 9-3. 7) 

17 

2 .2 

(1.85-2.6) 

17 

68.5 

(56.8-79.3) 

9 

84.3 

(81.1-86.6) 

Females 

j Right 

_ 

33.15 

2.8 

1.95 

4 

6S.7 

82.7 

Arkansas  : 

(33.1-33.2) 

4 

(2.75-2.9) 

4 

(1.85-2.05) 

(63.8-73.2) 

2 

(80.1-85.4) 

Boytt’s  Field 

| Left 

33 .15 

4 

2.8 

2.0 

69.S 

82.0 

(32.7-33.4) 

(2.7-2.95) 

4 

(1.8-2. 3) 

4 

(66.1-78.0) 

2 

(80.5-83.7) 

[ Right 

10 

34.  S 

9 

2.9 

9 

1.9 

9 

64.5 

6 

S4.3 

(32.2-37.8) 

(2.6-3.05) 

(1.65-2.05) 

(55.0-70.2) 

(81.9-88.2) 

Louisiana 

J 

\ Left 

10 

34.7 

9 

2.9 

9 

1.S5 

9 

63 .9 

6 

83.5 

(32.3-37.6) 

(2.65-3.1) 

(1.55-2.05) 

(55.3-71.7) 

(80.8-86.5) 

The  lateral  diameter  of  the  tibia  averages  in  white  males,  on  the  right  side 
2.24  cm.,  on  the  left  2.20  cm. ; in  the  females,  on  the  right  2.05  cm.,  and  on  the 
left  1.86  cm.  This  dimension  gives  a breadth-height  index  of  the  shaft  of  the  tibia 
of  71.1  in  the  white  males  and  71.9  in  the  white  females.  In  the  Indians  the 
antero-posterior  diameter  in  all  the  series  is  somewhat  superior  to  that  in  whites, 
while  the  lateral  dimension  averages  equal  or  smaller.  This  gives  rise  to  a smaller 
index  of  the  shaft,  expressing  greater  platycnemy  in  the  Indian.  Comparisons  as 
to  locality,  sex,  and  side,  in  the  two  Indian  series,  are  not  satisfactory,  due  to  the 
small  and  irregular  number  of  specimens. 

As  to  the  shape  of  the  shaft  of  the  tibia,  the  ordinary  prismatic  is  found  to 
prevail,  but  lateral  prismatic  shafts  are  also  quite  numerous.  A large  proportion  of 
the  tibiae,  however,  show  a shaft  characterized  by  pronounced  concavity  of  the 
external  surface  in  the  region  of  the  tibialis  anticus  muscle,  while  numerous  others 

1 The  antero-posterior  diameter  is  the  maximum  measurement,  the  lateral  diameter  being  that  at 
a right  angle  to  the  antero  posterior  axis  of  the  bone.  The  latter  is  taken  in  such  a way  that  the 
anterior  border  of  the  tibia  lies  on  the  rod  of  the  sliding  compass  in  the  middle  of  its  opening. 

2 See  “ Study  of  the  Normal  Tibia,”  The  American  Anthropologist,  October,  1898,  p.  307  et  seq. ; 
also  Proc.  Assoc.  Amer.  Anatomists,  11th  Annual  Session,  New  York,  1898. 


220  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


are  of  type  4,  which  distinctly  shows  four  instead  of  three  surfaces,  the  additional 
plane  resulting  from  a duplication  of  the  posterior  surface  by  a ridge  which  follows 
the  line  of  the  septum  between  the  tiexor  longus  digitorum  and  the  tibialis  posticus 
muscles. 


Tibia — Shape  of  Shaft  at  Middle 


Types  of  Shape 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number  of  specimens 

examined 

14 

13 

4 

6 

20 

22 

12 

12 

Types  : 1 or  near  1 (a) 

2 

4 

2 

4 

5 

9 

5 

4 

2 or  near  2 

i 

1 

9 

9 

4 

3 

1 

3 

3 or  near  3 

3 

3 

— 

— 

6 

4 

2 

1 

4 or  near  4 

7 

4 

— 

— 

5 

6 

2 

3 

5 or  near  5 

i 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

2 

1 

6 or  near  6 

— 

1 (b) 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

(a)  i Ordinary  prismatic. 

2 Lateral  prismatic. 

3 External  surface  markedly  concave. 

4 Posterior  surface  divided  into  two  distinct  surfaces  by  a vertical  ridge. 

5 Posterior  surface  concave,  external  border  indistinct. 

6 Lateral  prismatic,  with  postero-lateral  and  anterolateral  surfaces  markedly  convex  and  anterior  bor- 
der very  dull. 

(b)  Specimen  255. 138a  was  partly  fused  with  tibia,  which  may  account  for  this  exceptional  shape  in  an 
Indian. 


The  inclination  of  the  head  of  the  tibia  was,  in  no  case,  very  pronounced. 


The  Fibula. 

The  proportion  of  fibulas  available  for  measurement  is  rather  small,  though 
fragments  are  numerous.  The  measurements  of  length  show  practically  equal  aver- 
ages for  the  bones  of  the  two  sides. 

The  shape  approaches  most  frequently  the  ordinary  or  the  lateral  prismatic. 

In  female  skeleton  255.097,  Louisiana,  both  the  fibulas  are  unusually  flat. 

The  Clavicle. 

The  collection  contains  31  clavicles  that  can  be  measured.  These  bones  show 
nearly  the  same  dimensions  in  the  two  areas  from  which  the  material  was  gathered. 
They  also  show  that  the  left  clavicle  is  on  the  average  somewhat  longer  than  the 
right.  A similar  condition  exists,  as  we  know  from  the  studies  of  Pasteau1  and 
others,  in  whites  and  in  other  races. 

1 Pasteau,  E.  Recherches  sur  les  proportions  de  la  clavieule  dans  les  sexes  et  dans  les  races. 
These.  Paris,  1879. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


221 


The  curves  of  the  clavicle  are  moderate  in  all  but  two  cases  (male  255.123  and 
male  255.127,  Arkansas),  in  which  they  are  very  marked. 

None  of  the  bones  is  massive. 

Rhomboid  impression  or  facet  is  present  in  slight  to  moderate  form  in  all,  and 
is  pronounced  in  male  255.123,  Arkansas. 

Female  clavicle  255.095,  Louisiana,  shows  a very  prominent  conoid  tubercle. 


Ulna  ; Fibula  ; Clavicle— Length 


Sex 

and  Locality 

Side 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  length 
(maximum)  of  the 
ulna 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  length 
(maximum)  of  the 
fibula 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average  length 
(maximum)  of  the 
clavicle 

Males 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

Arkansas : 

j Right 

5 

27.3 

(25.4-29.3) 

3 

36.2 

(35.6-36.6) 

4 

15.1 

(13.2-16.4) 

Boytt’s  Field 

( Left 

4 

15.7 

(14.0-17.1) 

( Right 

7 

26.9 

(25.9-28.1) 

4 

36.75 

(35.3-39.2) 

7 

15.2 

(13.6-16.1) 

Louisiana 

Left 

7 

26.6 

(25.1-27.8) 

4 

36.7 

(35.3-39.1) 

7 

15.5 

(14.1-16.3) 

Females 

| Right 

0 

24.1 

(23.8-24.5) 

1 

14.0 

Arkansas  : 

Boytt’s  Field 

( Left 

o 

32.4 

(32.0-32.8) 

Louisiana 

j'  Right 

9 

24.4 

(23.8-25.4) 

4 

34.7 

(34.2-36.3) 

4 

13.5 

(12.9-14.1) 

[ Left 

9 

24.3 

(23.4-25.3) 

4 

34.7 

(34.0-36.3) 

4 

13.7 

(13.1-14.5) 

Fibula— Shape  of  Shaft  at  Middle 


Types  of  Shape 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Right  Left 

Right 

Left 

Right  Left 

Right 

Left 

Number  of  specimens 
examined 

2 4 

— 

1 

76  77 

6 

5 

Types  : 1 (a) 

1 2 

— 

1 

5 ! 1 

— 

1 

2 or  2 a (6) 

— — 

— 

— 

5 i 8 

3 

2 

3 or  3«  (c) 

1 

— 

— 

3 2 

1 

— 

3 b (d) 

1 

— 

— 

- — 

1 

i 

4 (*) 

1 

— 

— 

3 

1 

i 

a Ordinary  quadrilateral,  approaching  prismatic. 
b Approaching  lateral  prismatic. 
c External  or  internal  surface  concave. 
d Both  external  and  internal  surfaces  concave. 

e Five  distinct  surfaces  (formation  by  a vertical  ridge  of  two  planes  from  the  external  surface). 


222  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


The  Sternum. 

From  Arkansas  there  are  two  bodies  and  four  manubria,  and  from  Louisiana 
four  bodies  and  seven  manubria.  In  none  of  these  cases  is  the  manubrium  attached 
to  the  body.  The  bodies  vary  considerably  in  all  dimensions. 

The  Scapula. 

Of  the  scapulre  there  are  but  few  fragments,  and  three  imperfect  pieces  that 
could  be  measured.  All  of  these  are  from  Louisiana.  In  descriptive  features  they 
exhibit  nothing  of  special  interest. 


Measurements 


Sex 

Number 

Side 

Height  : 
inferior  to 
superior  angle 

Height:  inferior 
angle  to  inter- 
section of  spine 
and  median 
border 

Breadth 
( Broca) 

Breadth-height 

index 

total 

Breadth-height 

index 

inferior 

cm. 

cm . 

cm. 

Male 

255.201 

Right 

16.0 

11.7 

10.5 

65.6 

S9.7 

Male 

.106 

Left 

? 

11.0 

10.7 

f 

97 .3 

Female 

.095 

Left 

13.5 

11.0 

? 

The  Vertebra’. 

The  dimensions  of  the  vertebrae  are  generally  moderate,  the  bones  being  never 
very  large  or  massive.  The  principal  anatomical  features  are  similar  to  those  in 
whites.  As  to  variations  in  number,  little  can  be  determined  on  account  of  the 
incompleteness  of  the  sets. 

The  principal  anomalies  of  the  vertebrae  are  mentioned  at  the  beginning  of  this 
section. 

A peculiar  feature  is  the  very  frequent  occurrence  of  more  or  less  marked 
lateral  asymmetry  of  the  bodies  of  the  dorsal  vertebrae,  without  indication  of  disease. 

The  Pelvis. 

There  are  in  all  14  pelves,  4 male  and  10  female,  on  which  measurements  are 
possible.  Owing  to  the  small  number  of  specimens  in  the  individual  groups,  the 
data  are  not  useful  for  comparison,  and  must  remain  simply  as  so  many  records  to 
be  utilized  with  additional  material  in  the  future. 

The  general  index  of  the  pelvis  averages  higher  in  the  male  skeletons  from  the 
two  sections,  as  well  as  in  the  female  skeletons  from  Louisiana,  than  it  does  in  the 
whites,  thus  showing  relatively  great  breadth.  The  average  index  of  the  inlet, 
which  in  whites  ranges  from  79  to  80,  is  likewise  greater  in  most  of  the  Indian 
skeletons. 

In  addition  to  the  pelves,  there  are  present  a number  of  single  ossa  innominata, 
the  measurements  of  which  are  given  in  the  table  (p.  223).  The  figures  give  some 
interesting  indications,  but  the  number  of  specimens  is  too  small  for  definite  deduc- 
tions. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


223 


Pelvis— Dimensions  and  Indices 


Sex  and  Locality 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average 

maximum 

height 

(«) 

Average 

maximum 

breadth 

(*) 

Average 
index 
of  pelvis 

cm-) 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Average 
greatest 
breadth  of 
the  inlet 

Average  depth 
(diameter 
antero  poste- 
rior) of  the 
inlet 

Average 
index  of  the 
inlet 

Males 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm . 

Arkansas : 

1 

20.2 

27.0 

134 

i 

11.8 

Boytt’s  Field 

Louisiana 

6 

21.3 

(20.8-22.2) 

27.9 

(26.3-29.6) 

1 30.6 

(119.5-135.8) 

6 

12.1 

(11.4-13.3) 

11.0 

(9.7-12.6) 

91.6 

(75.2-107.0) 

Females 

Arkansas : 
Boytt’s  Field 

2 

20.6 

(20.2-21.0) 

26.7 

(26.2-27.2) 

1 29.6 

(129.5-129.7) 

3 

13.0 

(12.4-13.8) 

10.9 

(10.3-12.1) 

S4.1 

(81 .2-87.7) 

Louisiana 

4 

19.5 

(18.2-20.3) 

27.6 

(26.7-28.6) 

141.4 

(136-152.7) 

3 

13.5 

(12.9-14.3) 

10.4 

(9.2-11.5) 

77.5 

(69.7-89.1) 

The  Sacrum. 

The  total  number  of  sacra  that  could  be  measured  is  13,  but  some  additional 
specimens  are  available  for  observation.  The  indices  are  all  lower  than  in  the 
whites,  showing  that  the  sacrum  is  relatively  high,  as  in  the  negro. 


Ossa  innominata  ; Sacrum— Average  Measurements  and  Indices 


Ossa  innominata 

Sacrum 

Average 

Average 

| Average  index 

Num- 

Average 

Num- 

breadth 

Num- 

breadth- 

Num- 

Average 

Average 

Sex 

Side 

ber  of 

height 

ber  of 

(between 

ber  of 

height  index 

Sex 

ber  of 

height 

breadth 

/Ax  too  \ 

and  Locality 

speci- 

(maximum) 

speci- 

superior  iliac 

speci- 

and  Locality 

speci- 

(in  middle) 

( maximum) 

mens 

(«) 

mens 

spines) 

mens 

mens 

(tf) 

(9 

( a / 

(6) 

\ a J 

Males 

| Right 

o 

cm. 

20.0 

(19.8-20.2) 

cm . 

Males 

cm . 

cm. 

Arkansas : 

J 

Arkansas : 

9 

11.55 

11.7 

101.6 

Boytt’s  Field 

( Left 

19.9 

Boytt’s  Field 

■ 

( 1 1 .0-12. 1 ) 

(11.5-11.9) 

(95.0-108.2) 

(19.8-20.0) 

( Right 

22.05 

16.05 

72 .8 

Louisiana 

(22.0-22.1) 

(15.4-16.7) 

(70.0-75.6) 

Louisiana 

4 

ll.S 

(11.4-12.4) 

11.7 

(10.7-12.5) 

99.1 

(93.9-107.0) 

( Left 

2 

22.15 

9 

15.S5 

71.6 

(22.1-22.2) 

(15.3-16.4) 

(69.2-73.9) 

Females 

20.6 

(20.2-21.0) 

Females 

Arkansas : 

j Right 

9 

i 

15.4 

i 

73.3 

Arkansas : 

12.1 

12.8 

105.8 

Boytt’s  Field 

( Left 

9 

20.6 

(20.2-21.0) 

i 

15.7 

i 

74.8 

Boytt's  Field 

1 

Louisiana 

| Right 

2 

20.1 

(20.1-20.1) 

2 

15.0 

(14.8-15.2) 

2 

74.6 

(73.6-75.6) 

Louisiana 

6 

11.1 

(9.6-12.3) 

11.8 

(11.1-12.4) 

106.9 

(100.8-115.6) 

( Left 

2 

20.1 

9 

15.45 

76.9 

(19.9-20.3) 

(15.3-15.6) 

(75.4-78.4) 

224  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


As  to  the  number  of  segments  composing  the  sacrum,  it  is  found  that  in 
three-fourths  of  the  cases  the  bone  has  live,  and  in  the  remainder  of  the  specimens, 
six.  In  addition  there  is  a tendency  in  one  case  (Fig.  8)  to  assimilation  of  the 
last  lumbar. 

Of  the  extra  segments  one  is  lumbar  and  four  are  coccygeal. 

The  curvature  is  more  often  accentuated  in  the  females  than  in  the  males,  as 
in  whites.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  details  presented  in  the  next  table,  it  also 
begins  high  more  frequently  in  the  females  than  in  the  males. 

The  neural  canal  is  defective  for  the  greater  part  from  the  fourth,  or  from 
below  the  fourth,  spinous  process  downward.  This  also  is  most  frequently  the  case 
in  whites. 


Sacrum— Characteristics 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Segments : 5 

3 

— 

6 ( 1 tending 
to  assimila- 
tion of  last 
lumbar) 

5 

6 

— 

1 

? 

2 

Extra  segment  is 



1 

1 lumbar 

2 

coccygeal 

1 coccygeal 

coccygeal 

Curvature  : 

small 

— 

— 

2 

— 

moderate 

3 

— 

5 

2 

good 

— 

2 

2 

5 

Curvature  begins  with 

first  segment 

— 

i 

3 

5 

second  segment 

3 

i 

3 

2 

third  segment 

— 

— 

1 

— 

fourth  segment 

— 

— 

1 

— 

Neural  canal  exposed 
from 

below  third  spinous 

process 

— 

i 

2 

— 

at  fourth 

— 

— 

i 

4 

below  fourth 

3 

— 

3 

2 

at  fifth 

— 

— 

1 

i 

below  fifth 

— 

— 

— 

The  Patella. 

The  patellae  of  the  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  skeletons  are,  as  will  be  noted  in 
the  measurements  given  below,  generally  of  moderate  dimensions,  with  an  average 
breadth  slightly  exceeding  the  height.  There  is  very  little  difference  in  the  bones 
from  the  two  localities.  The  patella  in  the  female  is  smaller  in  all  proportions 
than  that  in  the  male ; the  breadth-height  index  is  quite  similar.  The  right  and 
left  bones  differ  but  slightly. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


225 


Patella — Average  Dimensions  and  Breadth-Height  Index 


Arkansas 


Males 

Females 

Proportions 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Breadth  (maximum),  cm. 

6 

1.35 

(4.15-4.7) 

5 

4.2 

(4.0-4.65) 

3 

3 .8 

(3.6-4.15) 

— 

Height  (maximum),  cm. 

6 

4.25 

(4.05-4.5) 

5 

4 .3 

(3.9-4.65) 

3 

3.8 

(3.6-3.95) 

— 

Thickness  (maximum),  cm. 

6 

2.0 

(1. 7-2.2) 

5 

1.9 

(1.8-2.15) 

3 

1.8 

(1.7-1.85) 

— 

Breadth-height  index 
/ breadth  X 100  \ 

6 

102.5 

(92.1-105.8) 

5 

9S.1 

(95.4-100.0) 

3 

100.6 

(91.1-109.2) 

— 

\ height  ) 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Proportions 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Breadth  (maximum),  cm. 

5 

4.35 

(4.15-4.6) 

5 

4.4 

(4.1-4.65) 

4 

3.9 

(3.75-4.1) 

4 

3.9 

(3.75M.0) 

Height  (maximum),  cm. 

5 

4.3 

(3.9-4.85) 

5 

4.2 

(3.95-4.75) 

4 

3.8 

(3.7-3.85) 

4 

3.8 

(3.8-3.85) 

Thickness  (maximum),  cm. 

5 

2.0 

(1. 9-2.1) 

5 

2.0 

(1. 9-2.1) 

4 

1.8 

(1.75-1.85) 

4 

l.S 

(1.75-1.9) 

Breadth-height  index 
/ breadth  X 100  \ 
\ height  ) 

5 

101.1 

(85.6-112.8) 

5 

104.2 

(91.6-113.4) 

4 

103.6 

(100-110.8) 

4 

102.3 

(97.4-105.3) 

Aii  interesting  feature  in  regard  to  the  patella  is  the  occasional  presence  of 
the  vastus  externus  notch,  i.  e a more  or  less  marked  defect  in  the  border  of  the 
bone  in  the  locality  of  the  vastus  externus  insertion.  This  notch,  which  is  seen 
rather  frequently  in  Egyptian  bones,  and  is  also  met  occasionally  among  the 
whites,  is  present  in  more  than  half  the  male  specimens  and  in  more  than  a third 
ot  the  patella?  of  females.  It  is,  however,  seldom  pronounced,  the  majority  of  the 
bones  showing  only  traces  of  the  feature. 

The  patellae  of  male  skeletons  255.111  and  255.222,  Louisiana,  show  each  an 
extraordinarily  developed  apex. 


29  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


226  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


Patella — The  Vastus  Externus  Notch 


Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Totals 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Right 

Left 

Number  of  specimens 

7 

6 

3 



8 

10 

S 

7 

16 

33 

31 

18 

examined 

Notch  absent 

4 

3 

i 

— 

2 

5 

6 

6 

50c/c 

58% 

45% 

72% 

Trace 

1 

2 

2 

— 

i 

3 

1 

1 

31 % 

18% 

23% 

22% 

Small 

1 

— 

— 

— 

4 

1 

1 

— 

6% 

18% 

19% 

6% 

Moderate 

— 

— 

— 

— 

1 

1 

— 

— 

— 

6% 

6% 

— 

Pronounced 

1 

i 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

13% 

— 

6% 

— 

77/p  Os  Calcis. 

There  are  23  pairs  of  these  bones  sufficiently  preserved  to  be  measured.  Their 
dimensions,  as  well  as  their  breadth-height  index,  differ  but  slightly  in  the  two 
localities.  The  bones  also  differ  very  little  on  the  two  sides,  the  right  bone  being- 
on  the  average  very  slightly  the  larger.  The  female  bones,  however,  are  decidedly 
smaller  than  those  of  the  males. 

The  measurements  and  indices  form  an  interesting  basis  for  future  comparison. 


Os  Calcis  : Average  Dimensions  and  Breadth-height  Index 


Arkansas 


Proportions  * 

Males 

Females 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Length  (maximum),  cm. 

6 

8.05 

(7.4-8.45) 

6 

8.05 

(7. 3-8. 5) 

i 

6.9 

i 

6.9 

Breadth  (minimum  at 
middle  of  body),  cm. 

6 

2.7 

(2.5-2.95) 

6 

2.7 

(2.55-2.9) 

i 

2.4 

i 

2.4 

Height  (maximum  at 
middle  of  body),  cm. 

6 

4.0 

(3. 7-4. 3) 

6 

3.9 

(3. 6-4.1) 

i 

3.55 

i 

3.4 

Breadth-height  index 
/ bread Hi  X 100  \ 
\ height  ) 

6 

6 7.7 

(60.5-72.4) 

6 

69.5 

(63.4-73.0) 

i 

67.6 

i 

70.6 

* Pairs  only. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


09/ 


OS  CALCIS — CONTINUED 


Males 


Louisiana 


Females 


Proportions  * 


Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Length  (maximum),  cm. 

n 

8.0 

(7.45-8.4) 

ii 

7.95 

(7.5-8.25) 

5 

7.4 

(7.25-7.65) 

5 

7.4 

(7.05-7.65) 

Breadth  (minimum  at 
middle  of  body),  cm. 

u 

2.75 

(2. 5-2.9) 

ii 

2.S 

(2.6-3. 0) 

5 

2.45 

(2.35-2.6) 

5 

2.5 

(2. 3-2. 6) 

Height  (maximum  at 
middle  of  body),  cm. 

u 

4.0 

(3.85-4.2) 

ii 

3.95 

(3.65-4.2) 

5 

3.5 

(3. 2-3. 7) 

5 

3.5 

(3. 2-3. 7) 

Breadth-height  index 
/ breadth  X 100  \ 

u 

68.4 

(61.9-74.0) 

ii 

70.8 

(67.5-73.4) 

5 

69.4 

(64.9-75.0) 

5 

70.8 

(68.7-78.1) 

\ height  ) 

* Pairs  only. 


In  72  specimens  from  both  sexes  in  which  the  facets  for  the  astragalus  can  be 
examined,  there  are  two  of  these  facets  in  21  (29  per  cent.)  and  three  in  51  cases 
(71  per  cent.).  These  proportions  are  almost  identical  in  the  skeletons  from  the 
two  regions : 2 facets  in  32  per  cent,  of  the  bones  from  Arkansas,  and  in  29  per 
cent,  of  the  bones  from  Louisiana. 

As  to  sexual  differences,  two  facets  exist  in  26  per  cent,  of  the  males  and  in  37 
per  cent,  of  the  females,  showing  a perceptible  preponderance  for  the  latter. 

The  sustentaculum  tali  generally  shows  fair  to  marked  projection.  The 
peroneal  spine  is  frequently  well  marked.  In  the  more  pronounced  cases  it  shows 
an  articular-like  surface  for  the  play  of  the  tendon  on  its  under  side.  The  internal 
tubercle  often  shows  anteriorly,  at  the  insertion  of  the  flexor  brevis  digitorum,  slight 
to  moderate  exostoses. 

The  left  os  calcis  of  male  skeleton  255.106,  Louisiana,  presents  a rough  semi- 
lunar notch  or  defect  antero-interiorly  in  the  margin  of  the  foremost  astragalus  facet 
and  the  adjoining  border. 


Astragalus . 

The  number  of  clearly-separated  articular  facets  for  the  os  calcis  on  the  astra- 
galus does  not  by  any  means  correspond  with  the  number  of  those  on  the  heel  bone. 
Thus,  a clear  separation  by  an  interval  of  an  anterior  and  a lateral  astragalus  facet 
is  present  in  only  four  of  the  43  specimens,  or  approximately  10  per  cent. 

Os  trigonum  was  not  found. 


228  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


The  Scaphoid. 

Of  this  bone  only  a few  are  present,  and  among  these  there  is  but  one  that 
shows  any  peculiarity.  This  is  from  female  skeleton  255.096,  Louisiana,  and  the 
peculiarity  consists  of  a rather  pronounced  pointed  process  which  rises  from  the 
middle  of  the  inferior  surface  of  the  bone  and  anteriorly  has  an  articular  facet. 
The  same  specimen  shows  also  a small  cuboid  facet. 


Tiie  Cuboid. 

This  bone,  of  which  a fair  number  of  specimens  are  in  hand,  shows,  as  a rule, 
an  elevated  or  an  unelevated  facet  for  the  sesamoid  in  the  tendon  of  the  peroneus 
longus. 

The  First  Metatarsal. 

This  bone  is  generally  of  ordinary  form  and  of  moderate  dimensions.  None 
of  the  specimens  shows  any  special  features.  Their  length,  given  below,  indicates 
close  similarity  with  respect  to  the  two  areas  from  which  they  came. 


First  Metatarsal:  Dimensions 


Arkansas 

Males 

Females 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Average  length  (maxi- 
mum), cm. 

4* 

6.2 

(5. 8-6. 8) 

5 

6.2 

(5.8-6. 5) 

i 

5.65 

2 

5.65 

(5.55-5.75) 

Louisiana 

Males 

Females 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Right 

Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 

Left 

Average  length  (maxi- 
mum), cm. 

5 

6.0 

(5.7-6. 2) 

4 

6.3 

(6. 0-6. 5) 

2 

6.0 

(5. 6-6. 4) 

i 

5.7 

* Not  pairs. 


Phalanges.  Hand  Bones. 

Only  a few  of  these  bones  were  recovered,  and,  beyond  some  pathological 
lesions,  referred  to  under  Section  VI  (p.  229),  they  show  nothing  of  special  interest. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 
VI.  PATHOLOGICAL  OBSERVATIONS.  DETAILS. 


ARKANSAS. 


Males. 


255. 119. 1 

Vertebra; : moderate  marginal  exostoses  on  one  lumbar. 

Phalanges:  the  first  right  terminal  phalanx  of  the  foot  lias  moderate  ex- 
crescences on  its  plantar  surface. 

255. 121. 2 

Femora:  right — moderate  inflammatory  changes  about  linea  aspera,  middle 
fourth  ; 

left — moderate  inflammatory  changes  with  augmentation  in  size  at 
inner  lip  of  linea  aspera,  below  middle,  on  adjacent  bone,  and  on 
shaft,  posteriorly,  below  the  third  fourth  of  the  same  from  above. 

Tibiae : right — moderate  inflammatory  changes  over  large  part  of  surface  of 
shaft. 

Clavicles : right — inflammatory  changes  on  distal  end. 

/ ’ ertebree : one  cervical  and  two  lumbar  have  marginal  exostoses ; the 
former  shows  also  roughened  (arthritic)  articular  surfaces  on  the 
processes. 

Os  calcis : right  anchylosed  with  astragalus  (Fig.  7,  c). 

Cuneiform  : right  middle  fused  completely  with  the  metatarsal  of  the  second 
toe  (Fig.  7,  b). 

255.121a.3 

Tibiae  : left — slight  inflammatory  changes  on  shaft. 

255. 123. 4 

Skull : A gumma  (in  all  probability),  hollow  in  frontal,  3 cm.  above  nasion 
and  near  median  line;  also  a scar,  probably  of  similar  origin  (/.  z\, 
syphilitic),  5.5  cm.  above  nasion,  in  median  line. 

Femora  : right- — inflammatory  changes  posteriorly,  above  lowest  fourth,  and 
trace  of  such  anteriorly,  over  lowest  fifth  ; 
left — inflammatory  changes  over  lowest  third,  above  condyles. 

Tibiae : left — moderate  inflammatory  changes  over  shaft. 

Sternum  : entire  bone  shows  irregular  hyperplasia  of  anterior  surface,  and 
thickening. 

Clavicles  : right — shaft  shows  thickening  and  inflammatory  changes. 


1 Healthy  : skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulme,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  clavicles, 
sacrum  and  parts  of  pelvic  bones,  left  patella,  both  calcanea. 

2 Healthy : skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  left  tibia,  left  clavicle,  sacrum,  both 
patellae,  left  os  calcis. 

3 Health)7  : left  humerus,  right  patella. 

* Healthy  : both  humeri,  left  ulna,  right  tibia,  right  fibula,  left  clavicle,  pelvis,  vertebrae,  right 
patella,  left  os  calcis. 


230  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


255. 124. 1 

Skull : The  meatus  auditorius  on  each  side  narrowed  by  a hyperostotic 
ridge  rising  from  what  was  once  the  posterior  free  extremity  of  the 
tympanic  ring  (=  tr  exostosis). 

Femora : left — inflammatory  changes  on  posterior  surface,  lowest  fourth, 
also  next  to  external  lip  of  linea  aspera  at  middle. 

Tibics : right,  slight;  left,  considerable  inflammatory  changes  over  shaft. 
Fibulce : left — slight  inflammatory  changes  over  shaft. 

Clavicles:  right — old  fracture  in  middle. 

Vertebrae : fourth  and  fifth  lumbar  show  marginal  exostoses. 

Os  calcis : right — some  inflammatory  changes  over  surface. 

Phalanges  : of  body.  Several  of  hands  show  inflammatory  changes. 

255.1 25.2 

Femora  : right — moderate  inflammatory  changes  posteriorly  above  internal 
condyles. 

255. 126.3 

255.127.4 

Skull : A limited  area  of  increased  porosity  on  the  postero-superior  portion 
of  each  parietal,  above  the  lambdoid  suture. 

255.128.5 

255. 131. 6 

Tib  ice:  right — inflammatory  changes  above  popliteal  ridge. 

255. 132.7 
255.133a.8 
255. 134. 9 
255. 1 3 5.10 

255. 136. 11 

Tibice : in  both  traces  of  inflammatory  changes  on  surface  of  shaft. 

255.138.12 

Astragalus : left — the  whole  upper  articular  surface,  top  and  sides,  changed 
through  disease — flattened,  rough,  and  irregular  (Fig.  9,  g). 

1 Healthy;  right  humerus,  left  radius,  left  ulna,  right  femur,  right  fibula,  left  clavicle,  sternum, 
right  innominate,  left  patella,  left  os  calcis. 

2 Healthy;  skull,  left  humerus,  left  radius,  left  ulna,  left  femur,  right  innominate,  left  os  calcis. 

3 Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  right  ulna,  both  femora,  right  tibia,  both  clavicles, 
pelvis,  vertebrae,  right  os  calcis. 

4 Healthy:  both  humeri,  both  femora,  left  tibia,  pelvis,  vertebrae. 

5 Healthy:  skull,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  left  patella. 

Healthy  : both  femora,  left  tibia,  both  calcanea. 

7 Healthy  : both  humeri,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  right  tibia,  both  clavicles,  right  patella. 

8 Healthy  : both  femora. 

9 Healthy:  both  humeri,  right  radius,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  clavicles,  vertebrae,  both 
calcanea. 

10  Healthy  : both  humeri,  left  radius,  left  ulna. 

11  Healthy:  left  femur,  left  fibula,  right  os  calcis. 

12  Healthy  : both  humeri,  left  radius,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  clavicles,  vertebrae, 
right  patella,  right  os  calcis. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


231 


255.138a. 

Tibia? : left — synostosis  (without  previous  fracture  or  other  visible  injury 
of  either  bone)  with  fibula  by  one  strong  bony  septum,  6.5  cm.  long, 
and  another  small  one,  slightly  lower,  2.5  cm.  above  lower  articular 
surface. 

255.1 39. 1 

255. 140. 2 

Tibia? : right — inflammatory  changes  above  popliteal  ridge. 

Bones  of  tiie  foot : on  right  the  first  metatarsal,  internal  and  middle  cunei- 
form, and  scaphoid,  are  fused  into  one  mass,  apparently  since  early 
stage  of  growth  (Fig.  7,  d). 

255. 141. 3 

Sternum  : arthritic  condition  of  articular  surfaces  of  first  rib. 

JTertcbra? : fourth  lumbar  shows  moderate  marginal  exostoses. 

Os  ca/cis : left — region  of  attachment  of  ext.  brevis  digitorum  muscle  rough 
and  porous. 

255. 142. 4 

255.145.5 

255.149.6 

255. 150. 7 

255.152.8 

ARKANSAS. 

Females. 

2.55120/' 

Femora:  left — smooth  bony  swelling,  1.2  cm.  long  by  0.7  cm.  broad  and 
0.3  cm.  high,  internally,  slightly  below  middle. 

]Tertebra? : all  lumbar  show  marginal  exostoses. 

255. 122. 10 

Scaphoid : suppurative  depression  on  articular  surface  for  internal  cunei- 
form near  distal  edge. 

255. 129. 11 

I 'ertcbra? : cervical — fourth  and  fifth  show  marginal  exostoses  and  roughen- 
ing of  lateral  articular  surfaces  ; 

lumbar — marginal  exostoses,  and  in  last  three  also  excrescences  about 
lateral  articular  surfaces. 

1 Healthy  : both  femora,  both  tibiae. 

Healthy  : left  tibia,  left  fibula,  left  patella,  both  calcanea. 

Healthy:  skull,  both  h urneri,  both  radii  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  clavicles, 
both  patellae  (right  anomalous.  See  Fig.  9,  d),  right  os  calcis. 

4 Healthy  : right  patella,  both  calcanea. 

Healthy  : skull. 

Healthy : skull. 

1 Healthy  : skull. 

Healthy  : skull. 

’Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  right  femur,  both  tibiae,  left  fibula,  pelvis,  right 
patella,  both  calcanea. 

10  Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  right  femur,  left  tibia,  left  fibula,  both  clavicles,  two  vertebue, 
right  patella,  both  calcanea. 

11  Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  clavicles,  pelvis,  right  os  calcis. 


232  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


255. 130. 1 

\ertebree:  fourth  lumbar  diseased  in  posterior  third  of  upper  surface  of 
body  ; nature  of  pathological  condition  (?)  (Fig.  9,  e). 

255. 133. 2 

Tibia? : right — slight  inflammatory  changes  on  internal  surface,  above  middle. 

255.137.8 

255.143.4 

Vertebra?  : lumbar  show  marginal  exostoses  (moderate). 

255.144. 

Skull : A shallow  depression,  3.0  by  4.5  cm.,  in  the  left  parietal,  near  the 
lambdoid  and  reaching  to  the  sagittal  suture. 

255. 146. 5 

255. 147. 6 

255. 148.7 
255.151. 

Skull : All  bones,  vault  and  face,  thickened,  but  no  irregularities  or  scars. 

LOUISIANA. 

Males. 

255.099.8 

255. 100. 9 
255.100a.10 
255. 102. 11 
255.102a.12 

255.104. 13 

Vertebra : lumbar — slight  marginal  exostoses;  lateral  articular  facets  show 
arthritic  changes. 

255. 106. 14 

Tibia?  : right — effects  of  suppurative  condition  anteriorly,  on  lower  end. 

255. 107. 15 

I ertebra? : lumbar — marginal  exostoses  ; lateral  articular  facets  of  one  show 
arthritic  changes. 

1 Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  right  radius,  right  ulna,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  pelvis,  right 
patella,  right  os  ealcis. 

2 Healthy  : left  humerus,  left  radius,  both  femora,  left  tibia. 

3 Healthy  : both  femora,  both  tibiae. 

4 Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  left  radius,  both  femora,  right  clavicle. 

6  Healthy  : skull,  four  vertebrae. 

6 Healthy:  skull,  two  vertebrae. 

7 Healthy  : skull. 

8 Healthy:  both  humeri,  right  radius,  right  femur,  both  clavicles. 

9 Healthy:  both  humeri,  right  tibia,  right  fibula. 

10  Healthy  : left  fibula. 

11  Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  left  radius,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  clavicles,  two  vertebrae. 

12  Healthy  : right  ulna,  right  femur,  right  clavicle. 

13  Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  both  tibiae,  nine  vertebrae. 

11  Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  left  radius,  left  ulna,  both  femora,  left  tibia,  left  fibula,  right 
clavicle,  pelvis,  sixteen  vertebrae. 

1,'>  Healthy:  skull,  right  humerus,  right  radius,  right  ulna,  six  vertebrae. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


255. 109. 1 

Vertebra : lumbar — slight  upper  marginal  exostoses. 

255. 110.2 

255. 111.3 

Tibia:  left — inflammatory  changes  about  the  middle  fourth  of  internal 
border. 

Vertebra : fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh  cervical,  twelfth  dorsal,  show  arthritic 
changes,  and  all  lumbar  vertebrae  have  marginal  exostoses. 

255. 114. 4 
255.115. 

Skull : tr  exostoses  in  both  meatus  auditorii,  nearly  occluding  the  right. 

255.1 54. 5 

255. 201. 6 

Femora  : right — a small  exostosis  from  anterior  surface  of  great  trochanter; 

left — moderate  marginal  exostoses  about  lower  articular  surface. 
]Tertebra  : lumbar — marginal  exostoses. 

Os  calcis  : right — an  exostosis,  or  a fusion  of  a separate  small  bone,  in  front 
of  the  insertion  of  the  external  brevis  digitorum. 

Patellae : left — marginal  exostoses  and  an  arthritic  spot  (Fig.  9,  h). 

255. 203.7 

255. 204. 8 

255. 205.9 

Tibia:  .205  (3),  left — moderate  swelling  about  internal  border  at  middle 
and  lower  third  ; 

.205  (4)  left — slight  inflammatory  changes  on  upper  fourth  of  shaft; 
.205  (5)  left — inflammatory  changes  over  most  of  shaft ; 

.205  (6)  right — moderate  inflammatory  changes  on  internal  surface, 
below  middle. 

255. 209. 10 

\rertebra  : last  dorsal  and  all  lumbar  show  marginal  exostoses. 

Os  calcis : left — moderate  lesion  just  posterior  to  anterior  astragalus  facet 
(nature  ?). 

1 Healthy  : left  humerus,  left  radius,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae,  eight  ver- 
tebrae, both  patellae. 

2 Healthy  : right  radius,  right  ulna,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae,  pelvis,  six  vertebrae, 
both  patellae. 

:1  Healthy  : skull,  both  humeri,  right  tibiae,  both  clavicles,  pelvis,  fourteen  vertebrae,  both  patellae. 

4 Healthy  : skull. 

5 Healthy  : skull. 

6 Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae,  pelvis,  nineteen 
vertebrae,  left  os  calcis,  right  patella. 

7 Healthy  : skull,  three  cervical  vertebrae. 

8 Healthy  : skull,  four  cervical  vertebrae. 

11  Healthy:  eight  humeri,  five  radii,  four  ulnae,  twelve  femora,  seven  tibiae,  two  fibulae,  two  clavi- 
cles, one  pelvis. 

10  Healthy : skull,  both  humeri,  right  radius,  right  ulna,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae, 
both  clavicles,  pelvis,  eighteen  vertebrae,  l ight  os  calcis. 


30  JOUKN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XIV. 


234  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


255  210. 1 

Vertebra  : lumbar — marginal  exostoses. 

255.211. 2 

Vertebra : cervical — fifth,  sixth,  and  seventh  show  arthritic  changes  ; 
lumbar — marginal  exostoses  and  arthritic  changes. 

255.21 5.3 

Vertebra  : cervical — third,  fourth,  and  fifth  with  arthritic  changes; 

lumbar — fifth  with  arthritic  changes. 

Patella  : left — arthritic  changes  on  articular  surface. 

255.217. 4 

Femora  : in  both  slight  inflammatory  changes  externally  above  outer  condyle. 
Vertebra  : cervical — all  below  atlas  show  arthritic  changes  (roughening, 
increased  porosity,  and  irregular  enlargement  of  most  lateral  and 
also  body  articular  surfaces)  ; 
dorsal — arthritic  changes  on  first  and  second  ; 
lumbar — marginal  exostoses. 

Patella  : right — articular  surface  shows  arthritic  changes. 

255.21  S.5 

Tibia : on  both  slight  inflammatory  changes  over  shaft. 

Vertebra : lumbar — one  (the  only  one  present)  shows  marginal  exostoses. 

255. 221. 6 

255. 222. 7 

Vertebra  : cervical — arthritic  changes  on  body  and  articular  surfaces,  fourth 
to  seventh  ; 

dorsal — marginal  exostoses  on  two  lowest. 

255.223. ® 

Tibia  : left — a sharp  exostosis  of  moderate  size  below  external  tuberosity, 
at  about  the  insertion  of  flexor  communis. 

255.224. ° 


1 Healthy  : skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae,  right 
clavicle,  pelvis,  twelve  vertebrae,  left  patella. 

2 Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae,  both 
clavicles,  eleven  vertebrae,  left  patella. 

3 Healthy  : skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  left  femur,  left  tibia,  both  fibulae,  right 
clavicle,  pelvis,  seventeen  vertebrae  (seventh  cervical  anomalous;  see  Fig.  9,  a). 

4 Healthy  : skull,  both  humeri,  left  radius,  both  ulnae,  right  tibia,  right  fibula,  sacrum  (anomalous 
articulation  with  fifth  lumbar  ; see  Fig.  8),  ten  vertebrae. 

5 Healthy  : skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  clavicles,  fifteen  vertebrae, 
left  patella. 

6 Healthy  : both  humeri,  left  radius,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae,  both  clavi- 
cles, sacrum,  twenty-one  vertebrae,  right  patella, 

7 Healthy  : both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  clavicles,  one  cervi- 
cal and  four  dorsal  vertebrae. 

8 Healthy  : both  ulnae,  both  femora,  right  tibia,  both  patellae. 

9 Healthy  : both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  right  clavicle,  pelvis. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


235 


LOUISIANA. 

Females. 

255.094. 1 

Skull : Surface  of  frontal  bone  irregular  over  middle,  approaching  low- 
nodular. 

Humeri:  both  show  advanced  inflammatory  changes;  surface  irregular. 
Radii : both  present  inflammatory  changes. 

Ulnee  : right — probably  an  old  fracture  above  lowest  third  ; 

left — inflammatory  changes  over  shaft. 

Clavicles  : both  show  inflammatory  changes  on  shaft. 

Vertebrae : cervical — atlas,  axis,  and  fourth  show  arthritic  changes,  with 
some  marginal  exostoses ; 
lumbar  (two  present) — marginal  exostoses. 

255. 095. 2 

Vertebrce : lumbar — third,  fourth  and  fifth  with  marginal  exostoses. 

255.096.3 

Ulnee  : right — fracture  above  lowest  third,  non-union,  irregular  articulation. 
Tibiae  : right — some  inflammatory  changes  over  surface  of  middle  third. 
Vertebrce : dorsal — slight  marginal  exostoses  on  twelfth; 
lumbar — marginal  exostoses  on  all. 

Astragalus:  right  shows  results  of  healed  suppurative  condition  about  head 
(Fig.  9,  f). 

255. 097. 4 

Radii : right — fracture  at  middle. 

Ulnee  : right — fracture  below  middle  third. 

Vertebrce:  marginal  exostoses  on  eleventh  dorsal,  and  second,  third  and 
fourth  lumbar. 

255.098.5 

Radii : right — fracture  above  lowest  fourth. 

255. 103.6 

Vertebrae  : marginal  exostoses  on  lumbar,  and  bodies  of  all  these  moderately 
and  irregularly  flattened. 

Scaphoid : right  shows  slightly  incomplete  old  fusion  with  internal  cunei- 
form. 

1 Healthy:  four  vertebra. 

1 Healthy:  skull,  left  humerus,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  right  fibula,  right  clavicle,  seventeen 
vertebra. 

3 Healthy  : both  humeri,  right  radius,  both  femora,  left  tibia,  both  clavicles,  pelvis,  five  vertebra. 

4 Healthy:  both  humeri,  left  ulna,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae,  one  dorsal  vertebra  and 
one  lumbar  vertebra,  left  patella. 

5 Healthy  : both  humeri,  both  femora,  right  fibula,  left  patella. 

6 Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  right  radius,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae,  both  clavicles, 
sacrum,  nine  vertebrae. 


236  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


255. 105. 1 

Tibire : in  both,  pathological  curvature  backward  at  middle,  and  inflamma- 
tory changes  over  middle  third. 

Fib  nice  : left — inflammatory  changes  over  shaft. 

Vertebrce : several  lower  dorsal  and  one  (the  only  one  present)  lumbar  show 
marginal  exostoses. 

255. 108. 2 

Humeri : left — moderate  exostosis  a short  distance  posteriorly  to  lower  third 
of  deltoid  ridge. 

255. 112.3 

Clavicles  : left — arthritic  changes,  sternal  end. 

Vertebrce  : cervical — slight  roughening  of  articular  surfaces  of  bodies  of 
third  to  seventh  ; 

dorsal — marginal  exostoses  on  several  lower  ones; 
lumbar — slight  to  moderate  upper  marginal  exostoses  on  all. 

255. 113. 1 

Skull : A large  patch  of  irregular,  scarry,  hardened  surface  on  postero- 
superior  part  of  right  parietal. 

255.116.5 

255.117.6 

255.118.7 

255. 202. 8 

Skull : A small  superficial  scar  in  middle  of  forehead. 

255.205.9 

Radii : A pair,  .205  III,  show  inflammatory  changes  over  shaft. 

Ulnce : A pair,  probably  from  same  skeleton  as  above  radii,  show  inflamma- 
tory changes  over  shaft. 

Femora  : A pair,  probably  from  same  skeleton  as  above  ulnae  and  radii,  with 
inflammatory  changes  over  surface  of  lowest  third  of  shaft. 

Tibice : A pair,  showing,  especially  the  right,  an  abnormal  curvature  back- 
ward and  somewhat  inward  at  middle,  and  inflammatory  changes 
over  most  of  the  surface.  Belongs  probably  to  the  same  skeleton 
as  the  above. 

Fibulce : right — shaft  shows  inflammatory  changes;  probably  of  the  same 
skeleton  as  the  above. 

1 Healthy:  skull,  both  radii,  right  ulna,  both  femora,  pelvis,  eight  vertebrae. 

" Healthy:  right  humerus,  both  radii,  left  femur. 

3 Healthy  : skull,  right  humerus,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  six  vertebrae. 

1 Healthy  ; three  cervical  vertebrae. 

Healthy  : skull. 

Healthy  : skull,  two  cervical  vertebrae. 

' Healthy  : skull. 

8 Healthy  : six  cervical  vertebrae. 

9 Healthy:  seven  humeri,  four  radii,  one  ulna,  live  femora,  four  clavicles. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


237 


255. 207. 1 

Femora:  left — an  exostosis,  1.2  cm.  long  and  0.7  cm.  high,  scale-like,  point- 
ing mediad,  hist  below  minor  trochanter. 

255. 208. 2 

255. 212. 3 

Vertebrae : cervical — the  lower  articular  surface  of  body  of  fifth  and  the 
upper  of  that  of  sixth  show  arthritic  changes  ; 
lumbar — marginal  exostoses  on  fifth. 

255. 213. 4 

Femora  : left — a hardened  oblong  swelling,  of  moderate  size,  on  external 
border  above  middle. 

Sacrum  : moderate  marginal  exostoses  along  free  border  of  body  of  the  first 
segment. 

/ Tertebrce  : cervical — left  corresponding  lateral  articular  facets  of  axis  and 
third,  and  articular  surfaces  of  body  of  fourth,  show  arthritic 
changes ; 

lumbar — marginal  exostoses. 

255.2 14. 5 

Vertebra' : lumbar — slight  marginal  exostoses  on  third,  fourth,  and  fifth. 

255. 216. 6 

Femora : both  show  moderate  diffuse  inflammatory  changes  over  surface  of 
shaft. 

Tibiae  : right — slight  inflammatory  changes  over  shaft; 

left — slight  inflammatory  changes  about  popliteal  ridge  and  over  shaft. 
Vertebrae : lumbar — marginal  exostoses  on  fourth  and  fifth. 

255.219. 7 

Tibiae : in  both,  but  especially  in  right,  some  inflammatory  changes  over 
shaft. 

I "ertebrae  : lumbar — marginal  exostoses  on  third,  fourth,  and  fifth. 

Patellae  : left — arthritic  changes  on  articular  surface. 

255.220.8 

I i'rtebrae  : lumbar — one  (two  present)  shows  marginal  exostoses. 

1 Healthy  : skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  right  femur,  both  tibia;,  both  clavicles, 
four  cervical  vertebrae,  right  patella. 

2 Healthy  : skull. 

3 Healthy : skull,  both  humeri,  right  radius,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  both  fibulae, 
both  clavicles,  sacrum,  nineteen  vertebrae  (first  dorsal  anomalous;  see  Fig.  9,  b),  right  patella. 

‘Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  right  femur,  both  tibiae,  left  fibula,  left 
clavicle,  left  os  innominatum,  twelve  vertebrae,  both  patellae. 

5 Healthy:  skull,  left  humerus,  left  radius,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  left  clavicle,  pelvis,  twelve 
vertebrae,  both  patellae. 

6 Healthy:  skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  clavicles,  pelvis,  nine  vertebrae. 

7 Healthy':  skull,  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  right  fibula,  both  clavicles, 
eleven  vertebrae. 

8 Healthy  : skull,  right  humerus,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  both  tibiae,  left  fibula,  both 
clavicles,  nine  vertebrae,  both  patellae. 


238  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


Vertebra? : dorsal — slight  marginal  exostoses  on  several  lower  ones; 
lumbar — slight  upper  marginal  exostoses  on  all. 

255. 226. 2 

Vertebra?  : lumbar — marginal  exostoses. 

255. 22  7. 3 

Ulna> : left — inflammatory  changes  over  shaft. 

Tibia1 : right — considerable  inllammatorv  changes  over  shaft. 

o %/  O 


Bones  Exhibiting  Pathological  Conditions:  Resume* 


Total  number 
of  specimens, 
from 

both  States 

Healthy 

Inflammatory 

changes 

in 

Marginal 

exostoses 

in 

Arthritic 

changes 

on 

articular 

surfaces 

in 

Fractures 

in 

Exostoses 

other 

than 

marginal 

in 

Abnormal 

curvatures 

in 

Various  in 

Skulls  t 

58 

49 

6 

2 

i 

Humeri 

115 

113 

2 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Radii 

90 

84 

4 

— 

— 

2 

— 

— 

— 

Ulnae 

86 

80 

3 

— 

— 

3 

— 

— 

— 

Femora 

122 

105 

15 

i 

— 

— 

i 

— 

— 

Tibiae 

97 

67 

28 

— 

— 

— 

i 

2 

i 

Fibulae 

47 

44 

3 

— 



— 

— 

— 

— 

Clavicles 

Sterna 

Scapulae 

Pelves 

Ossa  innominata 

70 

11  bodies  and 
7 manubria 
3 
15 
3 

64 

10  bodies  and 
5 manubria 
3 

15 

3 

4 

1 body 

i 

2 manu- 
bria 

1 

— 

— 

Sacra 

9 

8 



i 

— 

— 

— 

— 

Vertebrae  : cervical 

182,  from  46 
individuals 

144 

38,  from  12  indi- 
viduals ( mainly 
arthritic  chan- 
ges) 

dorsal 

380,  from  48 
individuals 

362 

18,  from  9 indi- 
viduals (mainly 
marginal  exos- 
toses) 

Body  asymmetric 
in  numerous 
specimens 

lumbar 

194,  from  45 
individuals 

87 

106,  from  33  indi- 
viduals (almost 
wholly  margi- 
nal exostoses) 

i 

Patellae 

49 

45 

— 

1 

3 

— 

— 

— 

Calcanea 

70 

65 

— 

— 

1 

— 

— 

4 

Other  tarsal  bones 

97 

90 

— 

— 

3 

— 

— 

4 

Metatarsals  and 
Phalanges 

9 

5 

3 (1  individual) 

3 

* With  these  should  be  borne  in  mind  the  specimens  now  in  the  United  States  Army  Medical  Museum,  so  far  as  the  latter  pertain  to  the  skeletons  under  considera- 
tion. They  are  : two  femora  of  a female  subject,  No.  255.225,  from  Ward  Place,  Louisiana,  showing;  bilateral  upper  congenital  dislocation  ; right  femur  and  tibia,  from 
subject  255.215,  same  locality,  with  signs  of  osteoarthritis;  two  stray  right  tibiae  from  Boytt’s  Field,  Arkansas,  and  Bray’s  Landing,  Louisiana,  with  inflammatory 
changes  on  shaft ; and  the  fractured  radius  and  ulna  from  the  left  forearm  of  subject  No.  255.100,  Bell  Gin  Landing,  Arkansas, 
t Exclusive  of  pathological  conditions  due  to  the  teeth. 


1 Healthy:  both  humeri,  left  ulna,  both  fibulae,  seven  vertebrae,  right  patella. 

1 Healthy:  both  humeri,  both  radii,  both  ulnae,  both  femora,  left  tibia,  pelvis,  nineteen  vertebrae, 
left  patella. 

3 Healthy  : right  humerus,  right  radius,  right  ulna,  both  femora,  seven  vertebrae,  both  patellae. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


239 


NOTES. 

“ Inflammatory  Changes .” — Under  this  heading  are  included  pathological 
changes  which  lirst  affect  limited  areas  of  the  surface  of  the  shaft,  or  body  of  the 
bone,  and  in  more  advanced  cases  cover  most  or  all  of  the  surface  of  the  shaft,  or 
body  of  the  bone  and  involve  more  or  less  its  walls.  In  the  earlier  stages  the 
changes  are  apparently  due  to  slow  inflammatory  conditions  originating  in  the  perio- 
steum and  accompanied  by  more  or  less  perceptible  osteophytic  deposits.  Later, 
as  the  inflammatory  process  progresses,  the  surface  of  the  shaft  becomes  more  or 
less  irregular  and  nodular,  and  the  pathological  alteration  extends  to  the  intersti- 
tial parts  of  the  bone,  causing  considerable  thickening,  with  increase  in  weight  of 
the  shaft  of  the  bone.  It  affects  most  often  the  tibia?;  the  vertebra?  and  pelvic 
bones  appear  to  be  immune.  In  all  probability  this  process  indicates  syphilis; 
but  there  are  instances  in  which  it  is  impossible  to  decide  whether  the  changes 
should  be  ascribed  to  this  disease  or  to  that  systemic  condition  which  results  in 
arthritic  changes  in  various  articulations.  In  the  majority  of  the  cases  in  which 
such  inflammatory  changes  have  occurred  in  one  or  more  bones  of  an  individual, 
the  skull  has  been  found  normal. 

“ Marginal  Exostoses .” — These  are  characteristic  excrescences  of  a definite 
though  as  yet  somewhat  obscure  significance,  occurring  with  great  frequency,  indeed 
quite  generally,  in  older  subjects,  both  among  whites  and  among  the  Indians. 
These  excrescences  may  form  about  the  articular  surface  of  long  bones,  but  are  most 
common  about  the  surfaces  of  the  bodies  of  the  lumbar  vertebrae.  They  begin  along 
the  upper  margin  of  the  last  three  lumbars,  then  appear  along  the  upper  margins  of 
the  two  superior  vertebrse  of  that  region  and  possibly  along  those  of  one  or  two  of 
the  last  dorsals,  and  then  develop  along  the  lower  borders  of  the  same  bones.  They 
frequently  involve  the  free  border  of  the  uppermost  segment  of  the  sacrum,  and 
occasionally  accompany  arthritic  changes  in  cervical  or  other  lateral  articulations. 
On  the  whole  they  bear  close  etiological  relation  with  the  systemic  condition  that 
results  in  osteoarthritis.  In  advanced  stages  these  marginal  exostoses  are  always 
accompanied  with  roughening  and  other  inflammatory  changes  of  the  articular 
surface  about  which  they  occur,  and  in  the  end  the  result  is  a fusion  of  the  adjacent 
vertebra?.  In  extreme  cases  whole  regions  of  the  spine,  and  even  the  entire  spine, 
as  well  as  the  pelvic  bones,  become  consolidated  through  this  change.  The  begin- 
nings of  the  condition  may  be  observed  in  middle-aged  adults,  but  it  is  especially  a 
feature  accompanying  old  age.  It  may  coexist  with  other  slow  inflammatory  con- 
ditions of  the  bones,  in  which  case  a diagnostic  separation  of  the  processes  may  be 
very  difficult. 

“ Arthritic  Changes  on  Articular  Surfaces .” — These  changes  begin  generally 
in  augmented  porosity  of  the  articular  surface,  followed  by  increased  roughness  and 
irregularity  of  the  same.  They  are  most  commonly  observed  on  the  lateral  articu- 
lar surfaces  of  the  cervical  vertebrae,  but  are  occasionally  seen  on  those  of  the  upper 
dorsal  or  some  of  the  lumbar  vertebrae,  on  the  sacro-iliac  surfaces,  and  even  on  the 
articular  facets  of  the  long  and  other  bones.  As  above  mentioned,  these  changes 


240  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


occur  also  on  the  superior  and  inferior  surfaces  of  the  bodies  of  the  vertebral.  They 
generally  involve  both  of  the  articular  surfaces  in  apposition,  and  in  the  vertebral 
column  lead  ultimately  to  anchyloses.  They  are  frequently  accompanied  by  mar- 
ginal exostoses  along  the  border  of  the  affected  articulations.  The  two  processes, 
in  fact,  are  closely  related  and  probably  are  due  to  the  same  general  causes. 

“ Fractures. " — The  fractures  observed  in  this  collection  are  comparatively  few, 
fewer  than  would  be  found  in  a similar  number  of  bones  of  modern  whites.  It  is 
further  noteworthy  that  all  but  one  of  the  fractures  are  in  the  bones  of  the  forearm, 
the  exception  being  one  in  a clavicle.  There  is  no  fracture  of  the  bones  of  the  lower 
extremities.  The  healing,  barring  the  case  in  which  union  did  not  take  place 
(Fig.  7,  a),  is  of  good  character  in  all  the  specimens,  though  attended  with  more  or 
less  marked  effects  of  original  displacement  of  the  fragments  (see  Fig.  6). 

“ Exostoses  other  than  Marginal — The  majority  of  exostoses  pertaining  to 
this  class  are  formed  at  the  insertion  of  muscles,  or  on  ridges,  such  as  the  popliteal, 
or  within  the  intermuscular  septa.  Some  of  them  doubtless  stand  in  causal  rela- 
tion with  the  marginal  exostoses  and  arthritic  changes.  Others,  particularly  those 
in  the  intermuscular  septa,  are  manifestations  sui  generis,  the  cause  of  which,  par- 
ticularly in  young  subjects,  is  not  clearly  understood.  In  the  series  of  bones  under 
consideration,  the  exostoses  other  than  marginal  are  few,  and,  with  one  exception, 
unimportant.  The  exception  applies  to  the  bony  septum  found  to  connect,  without 
sign  of  injury  or  disease,  the  left  tibia  and  the  fibula  of  male  skeleton  No.  255.138  a 
from  Arkansas  (Fig.  5). 

“ Abnormal  Curvatures'.' — Curvatures  slightly  to  moderately  above  the  aver- 
age, but  without  reaching  a degree  which  can  be  considered  pathological,  are  common 
in  the  femora  of  this  collection,  and  also  in  some  of  the  bones  of  the  forearm.  In 
the  femora  such  curvatures  are  generally  noticeable  at  or  about  the  middle  of  the 
shaft,  the  upper  part  of  the  bone  being  bent  backward,  and  are  usually  compensated 
for  by  an  especially  high  posterior  femoral  ridge  (linea  aspera).  Specimens  of  the 
so-called  “ pilasteric  femur”  generally  indicate  cases  of  this  nature.  In  two  in- 
stances only  do  curvatures  occur  which  can  be  regarded  as  pathological.  They  are 
both  in  the  tibia,  and  may  be  due  to  a mild  degree  of  rachitis,  although  there  are 
no  signs  of  this  disease  on  the  remaining  parts  of  the  skeletons. 

“ Various." — The  only  subject  requiring  particular  mention  under  this  head- 
ing is  the  frequently  observed  asymmetry  of  the  bodies  of  the  dorsal  vertebrae. 
This  unevenness  relates  only  to  the  contour  of  the  bodies,  not  to  their  vertical 
dimensions.  In  no  case  is  the  particular  cause  discernible. 


Fig.  1. — Non-deformed  crania  from  Arkansas:  a,  b,  and  c — ISo.  -55.119;  d No.  ^o5.149. 


deformed  female  skull,  255.095,  Louisiana;  d = male  skull,  255,210,  Louisiana,  showing  moderate  fronto-occipital  compression. 


Fig.  4. — x = male  skull,  255.115,  Louisiana,  showing  intraauricular  exostosis,  and  also 
a well-marked  supraauricular  fossa  (another  seen  on  Fig.  3,  d) ; y = male 
skull,  255.106,  Louisiana,  showing  lateral  fissures  in  the  basilar  process. 


I 


Fig.  5. — 255.108,  Louisiana,  left  female  humerus,  showing  a peculiar  exostosis  at  e;  255.138a, 
Arkansas,  left  male  tibia  and  fibula,  showing  a synostosis  by  means  of  two  exostoses. 


246  REPORT  ON  AN  ADDITIONAL  COLLECTION  OF  SKELETAL 


Fig.  6. — Bones  showing  healed  fractures. 


REMAINS,  FROM  ARKANSAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 


247 


Fig.  7. — a. — Right  ulna,  from  female  skeleton  255.096,  Louisiana,  showing  lack  of  union  after 
fracture;  the  two  segments  form  an  irregular  articulation. 

b.  — From  male  skeleton  255.121,  Arkansas,  showing  old  fusion  of  the  metatarsal  of  the 

right  second  toe  and  middle  cuneiform. 

c.  — Specimen  from  same  skeleton  as  b ; shows  old,  slightly  incomplete  fusion  of  os  calcis 

and  astragalus. 

d.  — From  male  skeleton  255.140,  Arkansas,  showing  old  fusion  of  right  first  metatarsal 

7 7 c?  O 

with  internal  and  middle  cuneiform  and  scaphoid. 


Fig.  8.— Sacrum  and  fifth  lumbar  vertebra  from  male  skeleton  255.217,  Louisiana,  showing,  on  right,  overgrowth  of  the  lateral  mass  of  die  sacrum  and  its  irr 
as  well  as  partly  arthritic,  articulation  with  the  also  enlarged  lateral  process  of  the  last  lumbar  vertebra  (“partial  assimilation  of  the  last  lumbar  ). 


Fig.  9. — a. — Seventh  cervical  of  male  skeleton  255.215,  Louisiana,  showing  a defect  of  fusion  of  the  two  parts  that 
compose  the  spinous  process. 

b.  — Peculiar  anomaly  of  the  first  dorsal  of  female  skeleton  255.212,  Louisiana  ; there  are  two  well-developed 

articular  facets  for  ribs. 

c.  — Fourth  lumbar  of  female  skeleton  255.219,  Louisiana,  with  a separation  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  neural 

arch  ; the  articular  surfaces  between  the  pedicles  and  laminae  are  very  rough  and  irregular. 

d.  — Right  patella  of  male  skeleton  255.141,  Arkansas,  showing  a large  vastus  externus  notch. 

e.  — Fourth  lumbar  of  female  skeleton  255.130,  Arkansas,  showing  diseased  condition  of  upper  articular  surface 

of  the  body. 

/. — Right  astragalus  of  female  skeleton  255.096,  Louisiana,  showing  results  of  a healed  suppurative  condition 
about  the  head. 

g.  — Left  astragalus  of  male  skeleton  255.138,  Arkansas,  showing  results  of  disease. 

h.  — Left  patella  of  male  skeleton  255.201,  Louisiana,  showing  marginal  exostoses  and  arthritic  spot  on  the 

articular  surface. 

i.  — Right  scaphoid  and  internal  cuneiform  of  female  skeleton  255.103,  Louisiana,  showing  an  old,  nearly 

complete,  fusion. 


INDEX. 

ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  OUACHITA  VALLEY. 


Advance  preparations,  7. 

Alabama  Landing,  mound  at,  109. 

Alligator-gar,  their  scales  used  as 
projectile  points,  84,  163. 

Arrangement  of  vessels  at  Glen- 
dora Cemetery,  31. 

Arrangement  of  vessels  at  Keno 
Plantation,  129. 

Arrowheads,  large  deposits  of, 
1 12,  116,  125,  126. 

Arrowheads  or  knives,  of  unusual 
form,  23,  157. 

Arrowheads  with  single  barb,  157. 

Awls  made  from  raccoon  bones, 
152. 

Axes,  ceremonial,  123,  126. 

Barb,  single,  arrowheads  with,  157. 

Bayou  Bartholomew,  description 
of,  in. 

Bead  of  deer's  leg-bone,  27. 

Bead  of  shell,  of  novel  form,  29. 

Bell  Gin  Landing,  cemetery  at,  90. 

Bennett  Landing,  mounds  at,  102. 

Big  creek,  mounds  on,  105. 

Big  Lake,  mounds  near,  21. 

Billy  Landing,  mound  near,  22. 

Black  pigment  not  found  on  the  pot- 
tery, 12. 

Black  river,  searched  unsuccessful- 
ly, 8. 

Boeuf  river,  description  of,  105. 

Boone  Place,  mounds  at,  90. 

Booth  Landing,  mound  at,  20. 

Bottles  with  swelling  necks,  a com- 
pound form,  13,  32,  13 1 , 132,  137. 

Bowls  with  painted  interior,  75,  143, 
145- 

Boytt’s  Field,  cemetery  in,  82. 


Brass,  28,  29,  30,  122,  123,  124,  125, 

126. 

Bray  Landing,  cemetery  near,  161. 

Broken-necked  bottles,  refinished  by 
aborigines,  33,  132,  154. 

Burial,  form  of,  in  Ouachita  region, 
10. 

Burial,  forms  of,  22,  24,  28,  83,  90, 
96,  97,  102,  103.  104,  107,  108, 
109,  1 12,  121,  151,  157,  162,  167. 

Burials  destroyed  by  cultivation,  8. 

Burials  mainly  in  dwelling-sites, 
along  the  Ouachita  valley,  8. 

Bushley  creek,  mounds  on,  102. 

Carlock  Place,  mounds  on,  170. 

Caryville  Landing,  cemetery  at,  81. 

Ceremonial  axes,  123,  126. 

Charlevoix,  as  to  smoking  cere- 
mony, 1 16. 

Chert  chips,  large  deposits  of,  124, 
I25- 

Chevallier  Landing,  mound  near, 
103- 

Chisels  of  chert,  deposit  of,  126. 

Clime,  Arthur  W.,  10. 

Cole,  John  T.,  owner  of  Glendora 
Plantation,  27. 

Compound  forms  of  vessels,  13,  32, 
74,  85,  86,  94,  131,  137,  138,  141, 
168. 

Copper-coated,  hollow  ornament  of 
wood,  93. 

Copper,  sheet-,  or  sheet-brass,  122, 
123- 

Cross  of  the  four  directions,  on 
effigy-pipe,  116. 

Cut-Off  Landing,  mound  and  site 
near,  23. 


Dailey  Landing,  mounds  near,  108. 

Decoration  of  long-necked  bottle, 
unusual,  26. 

Decoration  of  pottery,  masterly,  15. 

Deposits,  large,  of  chert  chips,  124, 
I25- 

Disks  of  earthenware,  84,  92. 

Disks  of  stone,  27,  29,  30,  112,  116, 
LS2- 

Dog,  Indian,  bones  of,  22,  84,  96. 

Donohue  Ferry,  mounds  at,  104. 

Eagle-pipe,  stone,  112. 

Ear-plug  of  shell  and  wood,  30. 

Ear-plugs  of  brass,  123,  125. 

Ear-plugs  of  shell,  25. 

Earthenware,  11,  12,  13,  19,  20,  25, 
26,  10,  31,  32,  33,  48,  63,  73, 
74,  75-  76,  79-  80.  84,  85,  86,  89, 
94,  96,  98,  99,  100,  102,  104,  107, 
108,  109,  1 19,  120,  129,  130,  1 3 1 , 

•32-  r34-  135-  136,  137-  138,  140, 

141,  143.  145,  147.  149,  150,  15 1, 

154,  156,  159,  1 61 , 162,  163,  166, 

167,  168,  169. 

Earthenware  of  lower  Mississippi 
region,  finest  in  Mississippi  val- 
ley, 15. 

Earthenware  of  Ouachita  region 
not  closely  related  to  that  of  the 
Pueblo  region  or  of  Mexico,  13. 

Earthenware  of  Ouachita  region, 
remarks  on,  by  Prof.  W.  H. 
Holmes,  T3. 

Earthenware  vessels  largely  found 
in  fragments,  12. 

Earthenware  vessels,  restoration  of, 
12. 

Effigy-pipes,  112,  115,  116. 


INDEX. 


251 


Effigy-vessel,  human,  13,  76. 

Effigy-vessels,  31,  76,  134,  149. 

Eye,  aboriginal  form  of,  on  eagle- 
pipe,  1 14. 

Eye,  aboriginal  form  of,  on  pottery, 
63.  74-  147.  '49,  154.  156,  161. 

Feet,  nine,  vessel  with,  21. 

Four  directions,  cross  of,  116. 

Fowke,  Gerard,  as  to  projectile 
points,  157. 

Frazier  Place,  mounds  on,  103. 

Galena,  lead  sulphide,  its  carbonate 
coating  used  as  paint,  116. 

Glass  beads,  28,  29,  122,  124,  12^, 
126. 

Glauconite,  12. 

Glendora  and  Keno  cemeteries  com- 
pared, 150. 

Glendora  Plantation,  cemetery  on, 
27- 

Green  Lake,  mounds  near,  81. 

Green  pigment,  analysis  of,  12. 

Green  pigment  on  earthenware  ves- 
sel, 1 2,  1 19. 

Hair,  human,  on  brass  disk,  126. 

Harrell,  S.  J.,  gift  of  pendant  from, 
161. 

Harrelson  Landing,  dwelling-sites 
near,  21. 

Hatchet  of  stone,  perforated  for  at- 
tachment, 124. 

Hematite,  pendants  of,  126,  161. 

Hematite,  plummet-shaped  object 
of,  11 6. 

Plill  Landing,  mounds  near,  90. 

Hodge,  F.  W.,  10. 

Hogan  Landing,  mound  near,  22. 

Holmes,  Prof.  William  H.,  8,  10, 
13.  32.  74-  75-  1 16,  134- 

Hrdlicka,  Dr.  Ales,  10,  126,  163. 

Human  hair  on  brass  disk,  126. 

Importation,  possible,  of  certain 
types  of  pottery,  12. 

Incised  decoration  combined  with 
use  of  pigment,  on  earthenware, 
12,  32.  33-  73-  74-  80,  96,  98,  134, 

1 45  - 07- 


Incised  decoration  reinforced  by 
pigment,  12,  48,  63,  80,  84,  99, 
'43-  US- 

Iron  or  steel,  implements  of,  29, 
125,  126. 

Jones  Landing,  cemetery  at,  105. 

Kaolin,  rare,  as  a pigment  on  pot- 
tery, 12. 

Keller,  Dr.  H.  F.,  12,  153. 

Keller  Place,  mounds  on,  91. 

Keno  and  Glendora  cemeteries  com- 
pared, 150. 

Keno  Plantation,  cemetery  on,  120. 

Kent,  mound  and  cemetery  at,  97. 

King  Place,  mounds  on,  20. 

Knives  or  arrowheads,  of  unusual 
form,  23. 

Lamb,  Dr.  D.  S.,  10. 

Leaf-shaped  implements  of  chert, 
125,  126. 

Leaf-shaped  implements  of  chert, 
deposits  of,  125. 

Life-forms  in  earthenware,  26,  31, 
32,  76,  89,  96,  98,  134,  149,  166. 

Life-forms  in  pottery,  comparative- 
ly rare,  13. 

Limonite,  discoidal  of,  29,  30. 

Linn  Grove  Landing,  cemetery  at, 
169. 

Linn  Grove  Landing,  mound  near, 
169. 

Little  river,  description  of,  101. 

Lock  Number  Six,  mound  near,  81. 

Logtown  Landing,  mounds  oppo- 
site, 23. 

Lower  Mississippi  valley,  slight 
archieological  investigation  of, 
hitherto,  8. 

Lucas,  Prof.  F.  A.,  10,  22,  27,  84, 
96. 

Magnetite,  masses  of,  90. 

Matting,  as  wrapping,  122. 

Miller,  Dr.  M.  G.,  9. 

Mills,  William  C.,  M.  Sc.,  153. 

Modeled  human  figure,  76. 


Moorehead,  Prof.  W.  K.,  23. 

Mound  Place,  mound  and  cemetery 
on,  166. 

Mounds  and  sites  along  Bayou 
Bartholomew,  111. 

Mounds  and  sites  along  Boeuf  riv- 
er, 105. 

Mounds  and  sites  along  Little  riv- 
er, 101. 

Mounds  and  sites  along  Ouachita 
river,  16. 

Mussel-shells  in  cemeteries,  24.  27, 
31,  84,  98,  130,  152,  153,  154. 

Alyatt's  Landing,  cemetery  at,  24. 

Necks  of  bottles,  refinished  by  ab- 
origines, when  broken,  37 
LU- 

Necks  of  bottles,  unusualh 
Keno  Place,  13 1,  135,  13 

Necks,  swelling,  on  bottles,  ; 
pound  form,  13,  32,  I '.i,  132,  I - 

Noble  Landing,  mom  ] at,  169. 

Nugent  Landing,  mounds  at,  104. 

Ornament,  hollow,  of  wood,  copper- 
coated,  93. 

Ornament  of  shell,  elliptical,  126. 

Ouachita  river,  description  of,  7, 

15. 

Ouachita  valley,  introductory  re- 
marks on,  7. 

Ouachita  valley,  territory  explored, 

8. 

Pargaud  Landing,  mound  near,  27. 

Pathological  specimens,  description 

of,  11. 

Pendants  of  hematite,  126,  161. 

Perforators,  bone,  84. 

Perrin  Place,  mound  on,  17. 

Pigeon  Plill,  mounds  near,  82. 

Pigment  combined  with  incised  dec- 
oration, on  pottery,  12,  32,  33,  48, 
63-  73-  74-  80,  84,  96,  98,  99, 
134.  143-  :45-  147- 

Pilsbry,  Dr.  Id.  A.,  10,  27. 

Pipe  of  earthenware,  with  holes  for 
attachment,  163. 


252 


INDEX. 


Pipes  of  earthenware,  19,  30,  84, 
93,  98,  1 12,  115,  1 16,  122,  125, 
127,  159,  163. 

Pipes  of  stone,  20,  96,  112,  114,  115, 
1 16. 

Plumed  and  winged  serpent,  attri- 
butes of,  on  scroll  decoration,  48, 
85,  86,  149. 

Plummet-shaped  object  of  hematite, 
1 16. 

Poplar  Grove,  mound  near,  22. 
Portland,  mound  near,  170. 

Pottery,  11,  12,  19,  20,  25,  26,  29, 

30,  3b.  32>  33.  48,  63,  73,  74,  75, 

76,  79,  80,  84,  85,  86,  89,  94,  96, 

98,  99,  too,  102,  104,  107,  108, 

119,  120,  129,  130,  1 3 1 , 132, 
5,  136,  137,  138,  140,  141, 
5,  147,  149,  150,  15 1,  154, 
59,  161,  162,  163,  166,  167, 
, 169. 

fftery,  5,jjrangement  of,  at  Glen- 
dora C'-d  I ;ry,  31. 

Pottery,  arrangement  of,  at  Keno 
Plantation,  129. 

Pottery,  certain  types  possibly  im- 
ported, 12. 

Pottery  largely  found  in  fragments, 
12. 

Pottery  of  lower  Mississippi  re- 
gion, finest  in  Mississippi  val- 
ley, 15. 

Pottery  of  Ouachita  region  not 
closely  related  to  that  of  the 
Pueblo  region  or  of  Mexico,  13. 
Pottery  of  Ouachita  region,  re- 
marks on,  by  Prof.  Wm.  H. 
Holmes,  13. 

Pottery,  restoration  of,  12. 
Pritchard  Landing,  mounds  at,  17. 
Purdue  Wood-Camp,  mounds  near, 

89. 


Putnam,  Prof.  F.  W.,  93. 

Pyle’s  Landing,  mound  and  sites 
near,  97. 

Quartz-crystal  pendant,  broken, 
90. 

Quartz-crystal  with  water-bottle, 
19. 

Rabbit-pipe  of  sandstone,  115. 

Raccoon  bones  made  into  awls,  152. 

Red  pigment,  analysis  of,  12. 

Red  pigment  of  this  region  finest 
in  Mississippi  valley,  12. 

Refinishing  of  bottles  with  broken 
necks,  by  aborigines,  33,  132,  154. 

Russell,  Major  T.  T.,  10. 

Sandidge,  James  G.,  owner  of  the 
Keno  Plantation,  120. 

Scroll-motive,  predominance  of,  15. 

Scroll-motive,  suggestive  of  animal 
origin,  15. 

Serpent,  plumed  and  winged,  48, 
85,  86,  149. 

Seven  Pines  Landing,  cemetery 
near,  157. 

Shell  bead  of  novel  form,  29. 

Shell  ear-plugs,  25. 

Shell-tempering  of  pottery,  13,  26, 
30,  84,  154,  159,  163. 

Sherrer  Place,  mound  on,  170. 

Sites,  unproductive,  description  of, 
omitted,  15. 

Skeletal  remains  described  by  Doc- 
tor Hrdlicka,  10. 

Skeletal  remains  presented  to  Na- 
tional Museum,  10,  24,  83. 

Staff  of  wood,  beside  skeleton,  121. 

Star,  five-pointed,  decoration  on 
vessel,  76,  138,  168. 

Stepped  design,  on  pottery,  63,  76. 

Sun-symbols  on  earthenware,  86, 
100,  147. 


j Swastika,  double,  shown  on  pottery, 
I35- 

Swastika  on  vessels  of  earthenware, 
15,  48,  63,  145,  147. 

Sycamore  Landing,  cemetery  near, 
112. 

Sycamore  Landing,  mound  near, 
hi. 

Symbol  ot  unknown  significance, 
on  earthenware,  94. 

Taylor  Place,  mounds  on,  17. 

“Teapot”  variety,  vessel  of,  12,  75, 
124,  131,  145. 

Thruston,  Gen.  Gates  P.,  30. 

Tripod  vessels,  73,  119,  141. 

Tripod  vessels,  rare,  13. 

Unique  vessels  from  Glendora  cem- 
etery, 31,  32,  79. 

Unique  vessels  from  Keno  Place, 
141,  150. 

Urn-burial,  10,  19,  122. 

Vanatta,  E.  G.,  10. 

Wade  Landing,  mound  near,  22. 

Ward  Place,  cemetery  on,  15 1. 

Watson  Landing,  mounds  at,  16. 

Weapon,  double-pointed,  of  chert, 
30. 

Whatley  Landing,  mound  near,  105. 

White-lead  paint  used  by  aborigi- 
nes, 1 16. 

White  Oak  Landing,  mounds  near, 
109. 

White  pigment  seldom  used  on  the 
pottery,  12. 

Willoughby,  C.  C.,  as  to  ceremonial 
axes,  123. 

Wilmot,  mounds  near,  169. 

Winged  and  plumed  serpent,  attri- 
butes of,  on  scroll  decoration, 
48,  85,  86,  149. 


